Corduene and Regina Ip: Difference between pages
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{{update}}{{Infobox_Officeholder | name=Regina Ip<br>葉劉淑儀 |
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[[Image:Kurdish Kingdoms of Corduene-Sophene.jpg|thumb|200px|60 BC Kingdom of Corduene]] |
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| image=Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee 1.JPG |
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{{Kurds}} |
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'''Corduene''' (also known as ''Gorduene'', ''Cordyene'', ''Cardyene'', ''Carduene'', ''Gordyene'', ''Gordyaea'', ''Korduene'', ''Korchayk'', ''Gordian'', [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: <ref>Efraim Elimelech Urbach, I. Abrahams, ''The Sages'', 1089 pp., Magnes Press, 1979, ISBN 9652233196, p.552</ref>''קרטיגיני'' ) was an ancient region located in northern [[Mesopotamia]], present-day southeastern [[Turkey]]). For most of its history, it was a province of the [[Roman Empire]], situated to the east of ancient [[Tigranocerta]]<ref>[http://italian.classic-literature.co.uk/history-of-rome/05-the-establishment-of-the-military-monarchy/ebook-page-24.asp Theodor Mommsen History of Rome - The Establishment of the Military Monarchy Page 24<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to the 1911[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]], Gordyene is the ancient name of the region of ''Bohtan'' (now [[Şırnak Province]]).<ref>[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/DAH_DEM/DARIUS_III.html DARIUS III - DARIUS III, from 1911 Encyclopedia Britanica.<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It is mentioned as ''Beth Qardu'' in [[Syriac]] sources and is described as a small [[vassal]] state between [[Armenia]] and [[Persia]] in the mountainous area south of [[Lake Van]] in modern Turkey<ref>[http://www.parthia.com/parthia_cities.htm Parthian City Index<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Corduene was a fertile and friendly province, which acknowledged the [[sovereignty]] of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]<ref>[http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/roman/TheDeclineandFallofTheRomanEmpire-2/chap45.html The History of the Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire - Vol 2 - Chapter XXIV Part IV<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It has been cited as a Kingdom to the east of the [[Tigris]] and as the country of the ''Carduchians'' (now ''Bohtan''), a mountainous district, rich in pasturage, south of Armenia<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PE/PERSIA.htm Persia - LoveToKnow 1911<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> (For a map of the region in which this Kingdom was located see<ref>http://www.bible.ca/maps/maps-roman-empire-peak-150AD.jpg</ref>). |
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| nationality=[[PRC|Chinese]], [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |
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Corduene must also be sought on the left bank of the [[Tigris]]. From 189 to 90 BC it enjoyed a period of independence. The people of Gorduene were known to have worshipped the [[Hurrian]] sky God [[Teshub]]<ref>Olaf A. Toffteen, ''Notes on Assyrian and Babylonian Geography'', The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, pp.323-357, 1907, p.341</ref>. The three principalities of ''Corduene'', ''[[Moxoene]]'', and ''Zabdicene'' are referred to as ''Carduchian'' dynasties by Toumanoff<ref>C. Toumanoff, ''Introduction to Christian Caucasian History II: Status and Dynasties of the Formative Period'', Traditio, Vol. XVII, pp.1-107, 1961, Frodham University Press, New York. (see pp.31-32) </ref>. |
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| order=[[Secretary for Security]] |
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| term_start=1998 |
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| term_end=2003 |
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| predecessor=[[Peter Lai]] |
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| successor=[[Ambrose Lee]] |
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| birth_date={{birth date and age|1950|8|24}} |
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| birth_place=[[Hong Kong]] |
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| death_date= |
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| death_place= |
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| ancestry=[[Nanhai]], [[Guangdong]] |
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| spouse= Sammy Ip Man-ho (deceased) |
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| party=[[Savantas Policy Committee]] |
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| religion= |
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}} |
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'''Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee''', <small>[[Hong Kong honours system|GBS]] B.A., MA, MSc, M.Litt</small> ({{zh-t|t=葉劉淑儀}}) (born [[August 24]], [[1950]] in [[Hong Kong]] with family roots in [[Nanhai]], [[Guangdong]]) is the member of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]] ([[Geographical constituency]], [[Hong Kong Island]]). She was formerly a prominent government official of the [[Hong Kong|Hong Kong Special Administrative Region]] (HKSAR). She was the first woman to be appointed as [[Secretary for Security]] to head the disciplinary service. Ip became a controversial figure for her role advocating the passage of [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23]], and after this legislation was withdrawn, she became the first principal official to resign from the administration of [[Tung Chee-hwa]], former [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong]]. |
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She took a sabbatical to study for a Masters degree, and to re-invent herself to make a political comeback. She contested the [[Hong Kong Island by-election, 2007]] for the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legco]], but was defeated by [[Anson Chan]] in the two-horse race. |
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==Biography== |
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==Carduchoi in Xenophon== |
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===Early career=== |
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Ip obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] from the [[University of Hong Kong]] and a [[MLitt]] from the [[University of Glasgow]]. She also studied at the Graduate School of Business of [[Stanford University]] from 1986-87, and studied for a [[Master's degree]] in East Asian Studies from the same establishment from 2003-06. |
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===HK Government career=== |
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A people called the Carduchoi are mentioned in Xenophon's ''Anabasis''. They inhabited the mountains north of the Tigris in 401 BCE, living in well-provisioned villages. They were enemies to the king (of Persia), as were the [[Ten Thousand (Greek)|Greek mercenaries]] with Xenophon, but their response to thousands of armed and desperate strangers was hostile. They had no heavy troops who could face the battle-hardened [[hoplite]]s, but they used long bows and [[sling]]s effectively, and for the Greeks the "seven days spent in traversing the country of the Carduchians had been one long continuous battle, which had cost them more suffering than the whole of their troubles at the hands of the king and Tissaphernes put together."<ref>Anabasis by Xenophon, book 4 [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/x/xenophon/x5an/book4.html]</ref> |
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Ip joined the [[Hong Kong Government]] in 1975 and started as an Administrative Officer. In 1986 Ip, accompanied by her husband, went to Stanford to study for an [[MBA]].<ref name=mentor>[http://www.stanford.edu/~scchoi/SCMP/scmp.htm"Regina Ip a mentor to her fellow HK students at Stanford,"] ''South China Morning Post'', Sunday, 9 July 2006 </ref> She took various bureaucratic positions before she was appointed Director of Industry Department in September 1995. In August 1996, she was appointed [[Director of Immigration]], a post usually filled by officials within the service, and continued to hold this post after the [[Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|1997 handover]]. |
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In July 1998, Ip was promoted to the post of [[Secretary for Security]].<ref>"迎向燦爛的未來". Ming Pao daily. News Weekly 1810, and 19 July 2003.</ref> She remained in this position during [[Tung Chee-hwa]]'s second term in government in 1 July 2002, becoming one of the 14 principal officials and a member of [[Executive Council]]. |
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==Corduene in Jewish Sources== |
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[[Targum]], a Jewish source of [[Talmud]]ic period, consistently understands [[Ararat]] to be located in Gorduene and not in [[Armenia]]<ref>Jacob Neusner, ''The Jews in Pagan Armenia'', Journal of the American Oriental Society, pp.230-240, 1964, p.233 </ref>. This region is usually identified with the landing site in [[Deluge (mythology)|Deluge]] mythology. According to [[Aggadah]], [[Noah]] landed in Korduene in Armenia. [[Berossus]] was also of the opinion that ''Xisthros'' landed with his ship in Korduene <ref>Bernhard Heller, ''Ginzberg's Legends of the Jews'', The Jewish Quarterly Review, pp.51-66, Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 1933, p.57</ref>. [[Josephus]] cited the evidence of Berossus as proof that the Flood was not a myth and also mentioned that the remains of the [[Noah's Ark|Ark]] were still visible in the district of ''Carron'', persumably identical with Korduene<ref>Louis H. Feldman, ''Josephus' Portrait of Noah and Its Parallels in Philo, Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities and Rabbinic Midrashim'', Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, pp.31-57, 1988, p.47</ref>. In [[Nashim]], the third order of Talmud, Rav [[Nahman bar Jacob]] has allowed [[proselytization]] of Kurds from Corduene<ref>Heinrich Walter Guggenheimer, ''The Jerusalem Talmud'', Halakhah 6, 2004, ISBN 3110182912 ,pp.62-63 </ref>. This points to the existence of Jewish converts among the population of Corduene in the early 4th century. |
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After the government attempts to bulldoze the Article 23 proposals through [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] failed, Ip resigned from office on 25 June 2003, citing personal reasons. |
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==Corduene in Roman Sources== |
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According to the Roman historian [[Strabo]], the region of Gorduene ({{Polytonic|Γορδυηνῆ}}, or {{Polytonic|Γoρδυαῖα ὄρη}}, "Gordyaean Mts") referred to the mountains between [[Diyarbakır]] and [[Muş]].<ref>[http://soltdm.com/sources/mss/strab/11.htm Strabon Book 11<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.encislam.brill.nl/data/EncIslam/C4/COM-0544.html Kurds & Kurdistan], Encyclopaedia of Islam.</ref> He recorded its main cities as ''Sareisa'' (Shareisha or Shereshe; north of Diyarbakır, around [[Ergani]]), ''Satalca'' (located west of Sareisa) and ''Pinaca'' ([[Bezabde]]), and considered its inhabitants (''Gordyaeans'') as descendants of the ancient Carduchians. According to him, the inhabitants had an exceptional repute as master-builders and as experts in the construction of siege engines and for this reason [[Tigranes]] used them in such work; he also notices the country for its [[naphtha]] resources. <ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16A*.html LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XVI Chapter 1<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] visited this region while on a diplomatic visit to the satrap of Corduene.<ref>Ronald Syrme, ''Anatolica: Studies in Strabo'', Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0198149433, p.30</ref> [[Eretria]]ns who were exiled and deported by the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] to Mesopotamia, were said to have taken up their dwelling in the region of Gordyene<ref>[[Strabo]], Geography, Book XVI, Chapter 1, p.233-235[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16A*.html]</ref>. |
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===Post-civil service=== |
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According to ancient texts the Gordyaeans received their name from ''Gordys'' son of [[Triptolemus]], who assisted in searching after [[Io (mythology)|Io]], and then settled in Gordyaea district of [[Phrygia]].<ref>[http://www.mythindex.com/greek-mythology/G/Gordys.html GORDYS, Greek Mythology Index<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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In 2003, Ip returned to Stanford University to pursue a [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|Master of Arts]] degree, with [[Larry Diamond]] as her supervisor. Her thesis, ''Hong Kong: Case Study in Democratic Development in Transitional Society,'' expresses admiration for a [[bicameral system]], and suggests that political parties in Hong Kong be strengthened and be more inclusive.<ref name=resurface>{{cite web|url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HG14Ad01.html|title= 'Iron Ladies' resurface in Hong Kong |
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|author= Todd Crowell |publisher= Asia times|date= 14 July 2006|accessdate=2007-11-27}}</ref> She returned to Hong Kong in 2006, and she begun a process of reinventing herself in the eyes of Hong Kong. |
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She maintained a high media profile which gave speculation regarding her political ambitions. She then changed her hairstyle and set up a political [[think tank]] - the [[Savantas Policy Institute]], giving rise to media speculation that she was planning to run for the office of Chief Executive sometime in the future. |
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==Pompey and Corduene== |
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Both [[Phraates III]] and [[Tigranes the Great]] laid claim to this province. However, it was conquered by the Roman troops under [[Pompey]]. The local population (called ''Gordyeni'') did not defend the Armenian rule since according to [[Plutarch]], Tigranes had demolished their native cities and had forced them into exile in Tigranocerta.<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Lucullus*.html The Life of Lucullus], in ''The Parallel Lives'' by [[Plutarch]].</ref> In [[69]] BC, ''Zarbienus'', the king of Corduene, was secretly planning for a revolt against Tigranes. He was negotiating with [[Appius Claudius]] for Roman help. However the plan was revealed and he was killed by Tigranes. After this, [[Lucullus]] raised a monument to Zarbienus and then he took over the region of Corduene.<ref>T. Frank, ''Two Suggestions on the Text of Cicero'', The American Journal of Philology, pp.459-461, 1937.</ref> He took part in the funeral of Zarbienus, offered royal robes, gold and the spoils (taken from Tigranes), and called him his companion and confederate of the Romans.<ref>[http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/european/PlutarchsLives/chap36.html Lives], Chapter 36, [[Plutarch]].</ref> |
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===LegCo campaign 2007=== |
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After Pompey's success in subjugating Armenia and part of [[Pontus]], and the Roman advance across the [[Euphrates]], Phraates was anxious to have a truce with the Romans. However, Pompey held him in contempt and demanded back the territory of Corduene. He sent envoys, but after receiving no answer, he sent [[Afranius]] into the territory and occupied it without a battle. The [[Parthians]] who were found in possession were driven beyond the frontier and pursued even as far as [[Arbela]] in [[Adiabene]].<ref>[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/37*.html Cassius Dio — Book 37<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to an inscription dedicated to the temple of Venus, Pompey gave protection to the newly acquired territory of Gordyene.<ref>G. Gilbert, ''The List of Names in Acts 2: Roman Propaganda and the Lukan Response'', Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol.121, No.3, Autumn 2002, p.514.</ref> |
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{{main|Hong Kong Island by-election, 2007}} |
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In September 2007, she declared her intention to run for the Legislative Council in a by-election, and apologised for her handling of the Article 23 situation, hoped to put it behind her. However, she came in second with 43% of the vote, losing the December 2007 by-election for the Hong Kong Island seat in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong to [[Anson Chan]] with just 137,550 votes.<ref>[http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2007by/eng/result.html Election Result of the 2007 LegCo Hong Kong Island by-election]</ref> |
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===LegCo campaign 2008=== |
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== Armenian presence == |
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{{main|Hong Kong legislative election, 2008}} |
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[[Image:20tigranes95-66.gif|right|thumb|250px|Map showing Corduene as a vassal Kingdom of Armenian Empire.]] |
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Ip ran for elected LegCo office in the [[Hong Kong Island]] geographical constituency again in September 2008. She formed a ticket including dermatologist Dr [[Louis Shih]] and two elected District Councilors, Albert Wong and Ronald Chan. Her ticket won a total of 61,073 votes, the second highest on Hong Kong Island and the fourth highest Hong Kong wide. |
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Tigran retained Gordyene and Nisibis, which Pompeius withheld from the Parthians. <ref>The Kingdom of Armenia - Page 205 by Mack Chahin</ref> Gordyene belonged to [[Urartu]] for about 200 years and to [[Armenia]] for only about 25 years during the reign of [[Tigranes the Great|Tigranes]]. <ref>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times - Page 15 by Richard G. Hovhannisian </ref> |
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She sworn in as Legislative Councilor on 8 October 2008. |
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{{Cquote|While the Parthian dynasty was being weakened by dynastic feuds Tigranes extended his power by the annexation of Sophene and the Submission of Gordyene under its prince. <ref>The Cambridge Ancient History - Page 238 by John Anthony Crook, Elizabeth Rawson</ref>}} |
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Post-election polling analysis shows Ip won high votes in areas with a higher proportion of well-educated and higher paid middle class professionals.<ref>[http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200809/08/P200809080068.htm Election Result of the 2008 LegCo Hong Kong Island LegCo Election]</ref> |
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Districts of Cordyene under Armenian period were: |
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==Controversies== |
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: Korduq (or Korduk), Kordiq Nerkin, Kordiq Verin, Kordiq Mijin, Tshauk, Aitvanq, Vorsirank (or Orsirank), Aigarq, Motolanq, Kartuniq, Albag. |
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Ip has taken controversial stances during her career including advocating for the Public Order Ordinance and defending government policy denying [[Right of abode issue, Hong Kong|right of abode to the children of Hong Kong]] people born in [[mainland China]] since the 1997 handover. |
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===Article 23=== |
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==Diocletian and Corduene== |
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{{main|Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23}} |
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Corduene was conquered again by [[Diocletian]] in the 3rd century and the Roman presence in the region was formally recognized in a peace treaty signed between Diocletian and the [[Persians]]. Diocletian then raised an army unit from this region under the title ''[[Ala (Roman military)|Ala]] XV Flavia Carduenorum'', naming it after his Caesar [[Flavius Valerius Constantinus]]<ref>E.C. Nischer, ''The Army Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine and Their Modifications up to the Time of the Notitia Dignitatum'', The Journal of Roman Studies, pp.1-55, 1923. (see p.10)</ref>. |
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[[Image:Article23demonstration.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Protest march against Article 23]] |
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In September 2002 her popularity plunged when she took on the task to promote Article 23 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]]. Early on, while trying to rally public support in October 2002, she made her infamous remark equating democracy with [[Adolf Hitler]] at the [[City University of Hong Kong|City University]] when she was challenged by students that the proposed subversion laws would need to be very stringent in order to guarantee [[civil rights]] from a central and an SAR governments, neither of which were elected by the people.<ref name=lashed/>{{cquote|"''[[Hitler]] was elected by the people. But he ended up killing seven million people. This proves that democracy is not a cure-all medicine.''"<ref name=lashed>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=23869&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20021030&sear_year=2002 Ip lashed on Hitler jibe], [[The Standard]], 30 October 2002</ref> |20px|20px|Ip, speaking at a forum at the City University, 28 October 2002}} She stated the Government's intention that Article 23 should be legislated by July 2003. There were fears that, should the law become enacted, Hong Kong citizens' freedom of press and speech would be at the mercy of the government.<ref name="Wyc">Wong, Yiu-Chung. One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover. Lexington books. ISBN 0739104926.</ref> However, Ip maintained that "Any prosecution must go through strict legal procedures according to Common Law. Unless there was evidence of violence involved, no one could be arrested simply because of writing articles or chanting slogans."<ref name="ilsy">IP LAU, Suk-Yee Regina (2008). Four Funerals and A Wedding: Memoirs of Regina Ip. Ming Pao books. ISBN 9789628993628.</ref> Ip downplayed any opposition to the bill, predicting only 30,000 people would show up at the planned demonstration(s).<ref name="pepper">Pepper, Suzanne. Keeping Democracy at Bay: Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political. [2007] (2007). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742508773.</ref> Ip blamed political and religious leaders for creating a "herd mentality".<ref name="pepper" /> Her popularity dropped when one remark after another contradicted public sentiment. Most notable is her commitment to push the bill even in the middle of the 2003 [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Carroll">Carroll, John M. [2007] (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742534227.</ref> |
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Concerned by the government's determination to force through the bill, up to 500,000 people marched to protest on 1 July 2003.<ref name="Wyc" /> [[Image:Broomhead.jpg|frame|right|A comic book caricature of Regina Ip]] |
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Following the defeat of [[Narseh]], the Sassanid King, at the hands of the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in [[296]], a peace treaty was signed between the two sides, according to which the steppes of northern [[Mesopotamia]], with ''Singara'' and the hill country on the left bank of the [[Tigris]] as far as Gordyene (Corduene), were also ceded to the victors (Romans).<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054872/Narses Narses - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Ip became a reviled figure.<ref name=resurface/> Detractors also took shots at her bushy hairstyle, nicknaming her "Broomhead" (掃把頭). This included a comic book which caricatured her in police uniform and signature bushy hairstyle. She openly admitted that although she disliked the nickname, she would not change her hairstyle just to please her critics. To this, she jokingly replied: "If I can't even defend my hairstyle, how can I defend Hong Kong?"<ref>{{cite web|author= Li Huiling|url= http://www.zaobao.com/special/china/hk/pages/hk170703a.html|title= [[Antony Leung]], Regina Ip, former political stars now step down|publisher= Lianhe Zaobao (Zaobao.com)|date= 17 July 2003|accessdate= 2007-11-27}}{{zh icon}}</ref> |
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Ip later apologized for her remarks about Hitler and Article 23.<ref name=slightlysorry>Diana Lee, [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=12&art_id=54202&sid=15585333&con_type=3&d_str=20070928&sear_year=2007 Slightly sorry, Regina's now raring to go], [[The Standard]], 28 September 2007</ref>{{cquote|''I made remarks which might have been unnecessarily provocative, gave rise to misunderstanding or were hurtful for people who disliked Article 23.''<ref name=slightlysorry/> |20px|20px|Regina Ip, when declaring her candidature for Legco by-election, 2007}} |
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The name of the province appears again in the account of the campaign between the Persians led by [[Shapur II]] and the Romans led by [[Julian the Apostate]] (and after Julian's death, by [[Jovian]]). It is documented to be a mountainous region in the north of the [[Assyria]]n plains.<ref>[http://gd.cnread.net/cnread1/ewjd/g/gibbon/hor/102.htm] {{Dead link|date=May 2008}}</ref> The Romans started to retreat through ''Corduene'' after they could not besiege [[Ctesiphon]].<ref>[http://odur.let.rug.nl/~drijvers/ammianus/structure3.htm Structure of the Res Gestae - The Ammianus Marcellinus Online Project<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===Views on democracy=== |
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==Shapur's campaign against Corduene== |
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Ip has been criticised for her inconsistent stance toward democracy. Since her return from the United States, she attempted to shift her view during her campaign for a seat in the legislative assembly in 2007 by saying "the only way forward for Hong Kong is complete democratization.", in contrast to her position before. Todd Cromwell of the ''[[Asia Times]]'' referred to her as a "born-again democrat".<ref name=resurface/> [[Anson Chan]], her main rival in the [[Hong Kong Island by-election, 2007]], labelled her a "fake democrat" because of this.<ref name="SCMP112607">[http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2c913216495213d5df646910cba0a0a0/?vgnextoid=0c7c37d913776110VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=teaser&ss=Hong+Kong&s=News "The gloves come off in second TV poll debate"], ''[[South China Morning Post]]'', 26 November 2007, Retrieved Nov 28, 2007.</ref> |
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In the spring of [[360]], [[Shapur II]] staged a campaign to capture the city of [[Singara]] (probably modern Shingar or [[Sinjar]] northwest of [[Mosul]]). The town fell after a few days of siege. From Singara, Shapur directed his march almost due northwards, and leaving [[Nisibis]] unassailed upon his left, proceeded to attack the strong fort known indifferently as Pinaca (Phaenicha) or [[Bezabde]]. This was a position on the east bank of the Tigris, near the point where that river quits the mountains and [[debouches]] upon the plain; though not on the site, it may be considered the representative of the modern Jezireh ([[Cizre]] in southeastern Turkey), which commands the passes from the low country into the Kurdish mountains. It was much valued by Rome, was fortified in places with a double wall, and was guarded by three legions and a large body of Kurdish archers. Shapur sent a flag of truce to demand a surrender, joining with the messengers some prisoners of high rank taken at Singara, lest the enemy should open fire upon his envoys. The device was successful; but the garrison proved staunch, and determined on resisting to the last. After a long siege, the wall was at last breached, the city taken, and its defenders indiscriminately massacred.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16167/16167-h/raw7a.htm The Seven Great Monarchies, by George Rawlinson, The Seventh Monarchy, Part A<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===Views on press freedom=== |
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In [[363]], a treaty was signed in which [[Jovian]] ceded five provinces beyond the [[Euphrates]] including Corduene and [[Arzanene]] and towns of [[Nisibis]] and Singara to the [[Sassanids]]. Following this treaty, [[Greeks]] living in those lands emigrated due to persecution of [[Christian]]s at the hands of Shapur and the [[Zoroastrian]]s<ref>J. B. Bury, ''History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. -800 A.D.)'', Adamant Media Corp., 2005, ISBN 1402183690, p.304</ref>. |
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In July 2008, Ip was once again embroiled in controversy for her comments about police tactics used against reporters covering the heated scenes in queues for Olympics tickets. In commenting about the man-handling of Hong Kong reporters by Beijing Police, she had said that "neck-shoving [techniques]... were most effective in stopping trouble-makers." The next day, she said she supported [[freedom of the press]], and apologised for the "slip of the tongue", clarifying that she was neither implying that journalists were troublemakers, nor endorsing the actions of the police. Democrat [[Yeung Sum]] said this [[Freudian slip]] showed up her true colours.<ref>{{cite news|author= Ambrose Leung |title= Regina Ip 'really sorry' for siding with Beijing police |pages= A2 |publisher= ''South China Morning Post''| date=31 July 2008}}</ref> |
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==Personal life== |
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Corduene was a bishop's see since at least 424.<ref>The Acts of Mar Mari the Apostle, page 15, Amir Harrak, Published 2005 BRILL, 110 pages, ISBN 9004130500 </ref> |
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Regina Ip is a mother and widow. She married Sammy Ip Man-ho in 1981. He died of cancer in late 1997, age 62. Her daughter Cynthia is a Benjamin Franklin Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania class of 2012. |
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==See also== |
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==Corduene in the sixth and seventh centuries== |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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In [[578]], the Byzantine emperor [[Maurice (emperor)|Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Augustus]] defeated the Sassanid army led |
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*[[PRC United Front strategy]] |
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by [[Chosroes I]], and conquered Carduene and incorporated it once again in the Roman empire. The Roman army also liberated 10,000 Christian captives of the Sassanids<ref>George Frederick Young,''East and West through fifteen centuries : being a general history from B.C. 44 to A.D. 1453'', Vol.II, 674 pp., Longman, Green and Co. Publishers, 1916, p.336</ref>. According to [[Khwarizmi]], Arabs conquered the area along with [[Nisbis]] and [[Tur Abdin]] in [[640]]<ref>A. N. Palmer, ''Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin'', Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0521360269, p.158</ref>. |
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*[[Politics of Hong Kong]] |
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== |
==Video Links== |
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[http://link.brightcove.com/services/link/bcpid1801874832/bctid1808183368 Regina Ip outlines her Legco agenda] |
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* '''[[Zarbienus]]'''; early-mid 1st c. BC: A famous king of Cordyene, made overtures to Appius Claudius, when the latter was staying at Antiocheia, wishing to shake off the yoke of Tigranes. He was informed against, however, and was assassinated with his wife and children before the Romans entered Armenia. When Lucullus arrived he celebrated his funeral rites with great pomp, setting fire to the funeral pile with his own hand, and had a sumptuous monument erected to him. |
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* '''[[Manisarus]]'''; ~ 115 AD He took control over parts of Armenia and Mesopotamia, in the time of Trajan; therefor Osroes, the Parthian king, declared war against him; Manisarus sided with Romans. There are some coins extant, which are assigned to Manisarus. |
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* '''[[Ardashir (Corduene)|Ardashir]]'''; ~ 340s AD He was against [[christianization]] of Corduene <ref>History of the Syrian Nation and the Old Evangelical-Apostolic Church of the East, page: 128, George David Malech, Published 2006, Gorgias Press LLC, 484 pages, ISBN 1593334087</ref>. |
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*'''Jovinian''' ~ 359 AD <ref>The Later Roman Empire: AD 354-378, Ammianus Marcellinus, Translated by Walter Hamilton, page 155, Contributor Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Published 1986, Penguin Classics, ISBN 0140444068</ref> |
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==Corduene, Carduchi, and the Kurds== |
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[[Image:Asia minor p20.jpg|thumb|225px|Map showing kingdoms of Corduene and [[Adiabene]] in the first centuries BC. The blue line shows the expedition and then retreat of the ten thousand through Corduene in 401 BC.]] |
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Some historians have considered Corduene and Gordyene to be the ancient lexical equivalents of the modern "[[Kurdistan]]", meaning the land of the [[Kurds]] and have postulated that the high mountain region south and southeast of [[Lake Van]] between Persia and Mesopotamia, was in the possession of Kurds from before the time of [[Xenophon]], and was known as the country of the ''Carduchi'', as ''Cardyene'', and as ''Cordyene''.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16167/16167-h/raw7a.htm The Seven Great Monarchies, by George Rawlinson, The Seventh Monarchy, Part A<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16167 The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 7. (of 7): The Sass - Project Gutenberg<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/orblatg.html#Gordyene Orbis Latinus], University of Columbia.</ref> According to [[Columbia Encyclopedia]], Kurds are commonly identified with the inhabitants of ancient Corduene.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ku/Kurds.html Kurds. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> There were numerous forms of this name, partly due to the difficulty of representing ''kh'' in Latin. The name ''Karduchoi'' is itself probably borrowed from [[Armenian language|Armenian]], since the termination ''-choi'' represents the Armenian language plural suffix ''-kh''.<ref>M.Th. Houtsma, ''E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936'', ISBN:9004082654, see p.1133 </ref> Some writers have disputed the above identifications <ref>T. A. Sinclair, ''Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archaeological Survey'', 1989, volume 3, page 360.</ref>. |
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==Timeline of the history of Corduene (Gordyene)== |
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*To [[Urartu]] 800s-595 BC |
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*To [[Persia]] 595-331 BC |
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*To [[Alexander the Great]] 331-301 BC |
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*To the [[Seleucid]] Empire 301-189 BC |
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*Independent 189-90 BC |
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*To [[Armenia]] 90-66 BC<ref>Kingdom of Snow: Roman rule and Greek culture in Cappadocia By Raymond Van Dam</ref> |
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*To the [[Roman Republic]] 66-27 BC |
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*To the [[Roman Empire]] 27 BC-AD 37 |
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*To [[Persia]] 37-47 |
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*To the [[Roman Empire]] 47-252 |
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*To [[Persia]] 252-287 |
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*To the [[Roman Empire]] 287-384 |
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*To [[Armenia]] 384-428 |
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*To [[Persia]] 428-653 |
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*To the [[Caliphate]] thereafter.<ref>[http://www.starnarcosis.net/obsidian/turkey.html#Gordyene Timeline of Gordyene], Regnal Chronologies.</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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{{start box}} |
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==External links== |
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|width=25% align=center|'''Preceded by:'''<br>[[Peter Lai]]<!--Peter LAI Hing Ling--> |
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*[http://www.classicaldictionary.bravepages.com/179.htm Corduene or Gordyene], Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology and Geography. |
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|width=25% align=center|'''[[Secretary for Security]]'''<br>1998-2003 |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/16A*.html Geography], [[Strabo]], Book XVI, Chapter 1, Section 24. |
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|width=25% align=center|'''Succeeded by:'''<br>[[Ambrose Lee]] |
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*[http://www.encislam.brill.nl/data/EncIslam/C4/COM-0544.html Kurds and Kurdistan], see section iii ''History'', subsection A ''Origins and Pre-Islamic History'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]. |
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{{end box}} |
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*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/asia_minor_roman_power.jpg Map of Corduene] |
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*[http://www.bible.ca/maps/maps-roman-empire-peak-150AD.jpg Map of Gordyene between Assyria and Lake Van] |
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*[http://italian.classic-literature.co.uk/history-of-rome/05-the-establishment-of-the-military-monarchy/ebook-page-53.asp Theodor Mommsen History of Rome, The Establishment of the Military Monarchy, Page 53] |
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*[http://gd.cnread.net/cnread1/ewjd/g/gibbon/hor/102.htm Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire] |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/37*.html Roman History, by Cassius Dio, Book XXX] |
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*[http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/roman/TheDeclineandFallofTheRomanEmpire-2/chap45.html The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire], Vol. 2, Chapter XXIV, Part IV, The Retreat and Death of Julian], by Edward Gibbon. |
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*[http://italian.classic-literature.co.uk/history-of-rome/05-the-establishment-of-the-military-monarchy/ebook-page-24.asp History of Rome, The Establishment of the Military Monarchy], by Theodor Mommsen, page 24. |
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*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/4*.html History of the Later Roman Empire, by J. B. Bury], Chapter IV. |
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*[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16167/16167-h/raw7a.htm The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, Vol 7. (of 7): The Sassanian or New Persian Empire], by George Rawlinson. |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ip, Regina}} |
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{{Roman provinces 120 AD}} |
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{{HKLegco}} |
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{{Historical regions of Armenia}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1950 births]] |
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[[Category:Former Government officials of Hong Kong]] |
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[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Hong Kong]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]] |
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[[zh:葉劉淑儀]] |
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[[ar:كاردوخيون]] |
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[[ |
[[zh-yue:葉劉淑儀]] |
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[[de:Gordyene]] |
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[[fa:کردو]] |
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[[fr:Gordyène]] |
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[[hy:Կորճայք]] |
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[[ku:Kardox]] |
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[[ru:Корчайк]] |
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Revision as of 07:36, 11 October 2008
 | This article needs to be updated. |
Regina Ip 葉劉淑儀 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Secretary for Security | |
| In office 1998–2003 | |
| Preceded by | Peter Lai |
| Succeeded by | Ambrose Lee |
| Personal details | |
| Born | August 24, 1950 Hong Kong |
| Nationality | Chinese, Guangdong, China |
| Political party | Savantas Policy Committee |
| Spouse | Sammy Ip Man-ho (deceased) |
Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee, GBS B.A., MA, MSc, M.Litt (Chinese: 葉劉淑儀) (born August 24, 1950 in Hong Kong with family roots in Nanhai, Guangdong) is the member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (Geographical constituency, Hong Kong Island). She was formerly a prominent government official of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). She was the first woman to be appointed as Secretary for Security to head the disciplinary service. Ip became a controversial figure for her role advocating the passage of Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, and after this legislation was withdrawn, she became the first principal official to resign from the administration of Tung Chee-hwa, former Chief Executive of Hong Kong.
She took a sabbatical to study for a Masters degree, and to re-invent herself to make a political comeback. She contested the Hong Kong Island by-election, 2007 for the Legco, but was defeated by Anson Chan in the two-horse race.
Biography
Early career
Ip obtained a BA from the University of Hong Kong and a MLitt from the University of Glasgow. She also studied at the Graduate School of Business of Stanford University from 1986-87, and studied for a Master's degree in East Asian Studies from the same establishment from 2003-06.
HK Government career
Ip joined the Hong Kong Government in 1975 and started as an Administrative Officer. In 1986 Ip, accompanied by her husband, went to Stanford to study for an MBA.[1] She took various bureaucratic positions before she was appointed Director of Industry Department in September 1995. In August 1996, she was appointed Director of Immigration, a post usually filled by officials within the service, and continued to hold this post after the 1997 handover.
In July 1998, Ip was promoted to the post of Secretary for Security.[2] She remained in this position during Tung Chee-hwa's second term in government in 1 July 2002, becoming one of the 14 principal officials and a member of Executive Council.
After the government attempts to bulldoze the Article 23 proposals through Legislative Council failed, Ip resigned from office on 25 June 2003, citing personal reasons.
Post-civil service
In 2003, Ip returned to Stanford University to pursue a Master of Arts degree, with Larry Diamond as her supervisor. Her thesis, Hong Kong: Case Study in Democratic Development in Transitional Society, expresses admiration for a bicameral system, and suggests that political parties in Hong Kong be strengthened and be more inclusive.[3] She returned to Hong Kong in 2006, and she begun a process of reinventing herself in the eyes of Hong Kong.
She maintained a high media profile which gave speculation regarding her political ambitions. She then changed her hairstyle and set up a political think tank - the Savantas Policy Institute, giving rise to media speculation that she was planning to run for the office of Chief Executive sometime in the future.
LegCo campaign 2007
In September 2007, she declared her intention to run for the Legislative Council in a by-election, and apologised for her handling of the Article 23 situation, hoped to put it behind her. However, she came in second with 43% of the vote, losing the December 2007 by-election for the Hong Kong Island seat in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong to Anson Chan with just 137,550 votes.[4]
LegCo campaign 2008
Ip ran for elected LegCo office in the Hong Kong Island geographical constituency again in September 2008. She formed a ticket including dermatologist Dr Louis Shih and two elected District Councilors, Albert Wong and Ronald Chan. Her ticket won a total of 61,073 votes, the second highest on Hong Kong Island and the fourth highest Hong Kong wide.
She sworn in as Legislative Councilor on 8 October 2008.
Post-election polling analysis shows Ip won high votes in areas with a higher proportion of well-educated and higher paid middle class professionals.[5]
Controversies
Ip has taken controversial stances during her career including advocating for the Public Order Ordinance and defending government policy denying right of abode to the children of Hong Kong people born in mainland China since the 1997 handover.
Article 23
In September 2002 her popularity plunged when she took on the task to promote Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law. Early on, while trying to rally public support in October 2002, she made her infamous remark equating democracy with Adolf Hitler at the City University when she was challenged by students that the proposed subversion laws would need to be very stringent in order to guarantee civil rights from a central and an SAR governments, neither of which were elected by the people.[6]
"Hitler was elected by the people. But he ended up killing seven million people. This proves that democracy is not a cure-all medicine."[6]
— Ip, speaking at a forum at the City University, 28 October 2002
She stated the Government's intention that Article 23 should be legislated by July 2003. There were fears that, should the law become enacted, Hong Kong citizens' freedom of press and speech would be at the mercy of the government.[7] However, Ip maintained that "Any prosecution must go through strict legal procedures according to Common Law. Unless there was evidence of violence involved, no one could be arrested simply because of writing articles or chanting slogans."[8] Ip downplayed any opposition to the bill, predicting only 30,000 people would show up at the planned demonstration(s).[9] Ip blamed political and religious leaders for creating a "herd mentality".[9] Her popularity dropped when one remark after another contradicted public sentiment. Most notable is her commitment to push the bill even in the middle of the 2003 SARS outbreak.[10] Concerned by the government's determination to force through the bill, up to 500,000 people marched to protest on 1 July 2003.[7]
Ip became a reviled figure.[3] Detractors also took shots at her bushy hairstyle, nicknaming her "Broomhead" (掃把頭). This included a comic book which caricatured her in police uniform and signature bushy hairstyle. She openly admitted that although she disliked the nickname, she would not change her hairstyle just to please her critics. To this, she jokingly replied: "If I can't even defend my hairstyle, how can I defend Hong Kong?"[11]
Ip later apologized for her remarks about Hitler and Article 23.[12]
I made remarks which might have been unnecessarily provocative, gave rise to misunderstanding or were hurtful for people who disliked Article 23.[12]
— Regina Ip, when declaring her candidature for Legco by-election, 2007
Views on democracy
Ip has been criticised for her inconsistent stance toward democracy. Since her return from the United States, she attempted to shift her view during her campaign for a seat in the legislative assembly in 2007 by saying "the only way forward for Hong Kong is complete democratization.", in contrast to her position before. Todd Cromwell of the Asia Times referred to her as a "born-again democrat".[3] Anson Chan, her main rival in the Hong Kong Island by-election, 2007, labelled her a "fake democrat" because of this.[13]
Views on press freedom
In July 2008, Ip was once again embroiled in controversy for her comments about police tactics used against reporters covering the heated scenes in queues for Olympics tickets. In commenting about the man-handling of Hong Kong reporters by Beijing Police, she had said that "neck-shoving [techniques]... were most effective in stopping trouble-makers." The next day, she said she supported freedom of the press, and apologised for the "slip of the tongue", clarifying that she was neither implying that journalists were troublemakers, nor endorsing the actions of the police. Democrat Yeung Sum said this Freudian slip showed up her true colours.[14]
Personal life
Regina Ip is a mother and widow. She married Sammy Ip Man-ho in 1981. He died of cancer in late 1997, age 62. Her daughter Cynthia is a Benjamin Franklin Scholar at the University of Pennsylvania class of 2012.
See also
Wikiquote has quotations related to Regina Ip.
Video Links
Regina Ip outlines her Legco agenda
Notes
- ^ "Regina Ip a mentor to her fellow HK students at Stanford," South China Morning Post, Sunday, 9 July 2006
- ^ "迎向燦爛的未來". Ming Pao daily. News Weekly 1810, and 19 July 2003.
- ^ a b c Todd Crowell (14 July 2006). "'Iron Ladies' resurface in Hong Kong". Asia times. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
- ^ Election Result of the 2007 LegCo Hong Kong Island by-election
- ^ Election Result of the 2008 LegCo Hong Kong Island LegCo Election
- ^ a b Ip lashed on Hitler jibe, The Standard, 30 October 2002
- ^ a b Wong, Yiu-Chung. One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover. Lexington books. ISBN 0739104926.
- ^ IP LAU, Suk-Yee Regina (2008). Four Funerals and A Wedding: Memoirs of Regina Ip. Ming Pao books. ISBN 9789628993628.
- ^ a b Pepper, Suzanne. Keeping Democracy at Bay: Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political. [2007] (2007). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742508773.
- ^ Carroll, John M. [2007] (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742534227.
- ^ Li Huiling (17 July 2003). "[[Antony Leung]], Regina Ip, former political stars now step down". Lianhe Zaobao (Zaobao.com). Retrieved 2007-11-27.
{{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)Template:Zh icon - ^ a b Diana Lee, Slightly sorry, Regina's now raring to go, The Standard, 28 September 2007
- ^ "The gloves come off in second TV poll debate", South China Morning Post, 26 November 2007, Retrieved Nov 28, 2007.
- ^ Ambrose Leung (31 July 2008). "Regina Ip 'really sorry' for siding with Beijing police". South China Morning Post. pp. A2.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help)