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{{Short description|Chinese educator and politician (1869–1923)}}
{{unreferenced|date=January 2009}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox President
{{Infobox President
|name = Zhou Ziqi <br> 周自齊
| name = Zhou Ziqi <br> 周自齊
|nationality = [[China]]
|image = Zhou Ziqi.jpg
| image = Zhou Ziqi.jpg
|order = [[President of the Republic of China]]<br>(Acting)
| order = Acting [[President of the Republic of China]]
|term_start = 2 June 1922
| term_start = 2 June 1922
|term_end = 11 June 1922
| term_end = 11 June 1922
|predecessor = [[Xu Shichang]]
| predecessor = [[Xu Shichang]]
|successor = [[Li Yuanhong]]
| successor = [[Li Yuanhong]]
| office2 = Acting [[Premier of the Republic of China]]
⚫
|birth_date = {{birth date|1869|11|17}}
| term_start2 = 8 April 1922
⚫
|birth_place = [[Guangdong]], [[Qing Dynasty]]
| term_end2 = 11 June 1922
⚫
|death_date = {{death date and age|1923|10|21|1869|11|17}}
| president2 = [[Xu Shichang]]<br> Himself (as acting President)
|death_place =
|spouse =
| predecessor2 = [[Yan Huiqing]]
|party = [[Non-partisan]]
| successor2 = Yan Huiqing
| office3 = [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Minister of War]] of the [[Beiyang Government|Republic of China]]
⚫
|otherparty = [[Progressive Party (China)|Progressive Party]]
| term_start3 = 1913
| term_end3 = 1914
| predecessor3 = [[Duan Qirui]]
| successor3 = [[Wang Shizhen (Beiyang government)|Wang Shizhen]]
⚫
| birth_date = {{birth date|1869|11|17}}
⚫
| birth_place = [[Guangdong]], [[Qing Dynasty]]
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|1923|10|21|1869|11|17}}
| death_place = [[Shanghai]], [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China]]
| spouse =
| education = [[Columbia University]]
| nationality = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
| party = [[Non-partisan]]
⚫
| otherparty = [[Progressive Party (China)|Progressive Party]]
| allegiance = {{flag|Qing dynasty}}<br>[[File:Flag of China (1912–1928).svg|22px]] [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China]]
| awards = [[Order of Rank and Merit]]<br />[[Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain]]<br />[[Order of the Rising Sun]]<br />[[Order of the Sacred Treasure]]<br />[[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
}}
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Zhou (surname)|Zhou]]}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Zhou (surname)|Zhou]]|lang=Chinese}}


'''Zhou Ziqi''' ({{zh|t=周自齊|p=Zhōu Zìqí|w='''Chow Tzu-ch'i'''}}; 17 November 1869 – 21 October 1923), was a Chinese politician in the late [[Qing dynasty]] and early [[History of the Republic of China|republican period]]. He was a member of the [[Communications Clique]].
'''Zhou Ziqi''' ({{zh|t=周自齊 |p= Zhōu Zìqí |w=''Chow Tzu-ch'i''}}) (17 November 1869 – 21 October 1923) was a Chinese educator and politician in the late [[Qing dynasty]] and early [[History of the Republic of China|republican period]]. During the early part of the Republic, he served multiple roles: first in multiple ministry positions (including Communication and Finance), as a diplomat, then as acting President of the Republic, and, for a time, as acting Premier in 1922, during [[Liang Shiyi]]'s illness. He was a member of the [[Communications Clique]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
He was born in [[Guangdong]] and spoke both [[Cantonese]] and Mandarin but he later moved back to his ancestral province of [[Shandong]]. He received higher education in the [[United States]] at [[Columbia University]]. Upon returning to China, he founded [[Tsinghua University]] for the purpose of preparing students (in English and science and math) to study in America, while he was in charge of sending students to study in America. He also served as president of the university in 1911.
Born in [[Guangdong]], Zhou, who spoke both [[Cantonese]] and Mandarin, later moved back to his ancestral province of [[Shandong]]. He attended [[Columbia University]] in the [[United States]], and upon returning to China, he helped found [[Tsinghua University]] to prepare Chinese students to study abroad in America; among the subjects he emphasized were English, mathematics, and science. During his time at Tsinghua, Zhou was in charge of sending students to study abroad, and from 1911 to 1912, he served as president of the university.


As the [[governor of Shandong Province]], he exerted significant influence, helping leak information about the [[Twenty-One Demands]] to the media.
As the governor of Shandong Province, he supported [[Yuan Shikai]] to reverse China from a (people-governing) republic to an empire (monarch) because he believed that the Chinese people, with 98% illiteracy, were not ready to govern themselves. They could only be manipulated by politicians and bring instability and chaos to the country. He later held the following positions: President of Bank of China, Minister of Communication, Minister of Military, Minister of Finance, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and the Inspector General of Salt.


A supporter of [[Yuan Shikai]], the [[President of the Republic of China|provisional president]], and his actions to revert China from a republic to a monarch-led empire, Zhou, during his tenure as governor of Shandong, believed that the Chinese people, with a literacy rate of 2%, were not ready to govern themselves. In his view, the people could only be manipulated by politicians, and their actions would bring instability and chaos to the country. (To further buttress his argument, Zhou may have invited Columbia University political scientist [[Frank Johnson Goodnow]] to justify monarchism for China.) In 1913, Yuan appointed him [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|Minister of War]], a post in which he served until the following year.
He helped leak information about [[Twenty-One Demands]] of the [[Empire of Japan]] to the media. Zhou may have invited Columbia University political scientist [[Frank Johnson Goodnow]] to justify monarchism for China.


During Yuan's monarchic attempt, he was sent to Japan as a special envoy. The Japanese government under [[Okuma Shigenobu]] rejected him and he returned to tell Yuan that his government lost foreign support. In 1916, Zhou fled to Japan after President [[Li Yuanhong]] ordered the arrest of Yuan's eight top monarchists. He returned to China after the charges were dropped in February 1918.
Yuan attempted to re-establish the [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]] in late 1915, sending Zhou to the [[Empire of Japan]] as a special envoy. The Japanese government under [[Okuma Shigenobu]] rejected him, and he returned to China to tell Yuan that his government had lost foreign support. After the failure of the restoration of the monarchy and Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhou found that his support for the Empire was not without personal cost: considered one of the eight top monarchists of the former regime, he was declared a traitor; and the new President, [[Li Yuanhong]], ordered his arrest, causing Zhou to flee to Japan for asylum. After being pardoned by President [[Feng Guozhang]] in 1918, he served as Minister of Finance in 1920, under [[Xu Shichang]].


As finance minister, he lost a power struggle against Premier [[Jin Yunpeng]] in 1921, and was compelled to resign. Seeking revenge, he convinced [[Zhang Zuolin]] to replace the premier with [[Liang Shiyi]], the head of the civilian [[Communications Clique]]. That same year, he served as a member of the Chinese delegation to the [[Washington Naval Conference]], before his resignation due to the "negative results" of the conference.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/07/archives/attaches-of-delegation-resign-in-protest-against-negative-results.html |title=Attaches of Delegation Resign in Protest Against 'Negative Results' of Conference.; THREE MORE CHINESE ADVISERS RESIGN |date=1921-12-07 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-02-28 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
1915 He initiated a National Day for Planting Trees, which is carried on until this day in Taiwan (they only changed the day he designated from [[Qingming]] to the date of death of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, March 12);
1916 He was wanted as the "traitor of the Republic" for supporting Yuan Shikai's monarchy and took asylum in Japan;
1918 He was pardoned by President Feng Guozhang
1920 He was appointed as the Minister of Finance


Zhou also served as President of the [[Bank of China]], Minister of Communication, Minister of Military, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and the Inspector General of Salt.
As [[Xu Shichang]]'s finance minister, he lost in a power struggle against Premier [[Jin Yunpeng]] in 1921 and was compelled to resign. Seeking revenge, he convinced [[Zhang Zuolin]] to replace Jin with [[Liang Shiyi]], the head of the civilian [[Communications Clique]]. He later served as [[List of premiers of China|acting premier]] and [[President of the Republic of China|acting president]] briefly in 1922 after Xu resigned. His presidency, the shortest in Chinese history, was interim as the [[Zhili clique]] tried to woo [[Li Yuanhong]] back into office. Complaining of Zhili interference, he left for the US to study film-making and returned to China to start a studio. He died the following year.

In 1922, he briefly served as [[List of premiers of China|acting premier]] and [[President of the Republic of China|acting president]], after the resignation of Liang as premier (due to illness),<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1922/04/13/archives/china-has-acting-premier-chow-tzuchi-named-in-the-absence-on-leave.html |title=CHINA HAS ACTING PREMIER.; Chow Tzu-Chi Named in the Absence |date=1922-04-13 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-02-28 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and, later, Xu as President. His presidency, the shortest in Chinese history, was an interim one, as the [[Zhili clique]] tried to woo [[Li Yuanhong]] back into office. Having succeeded, but complaining of Zhili interference, he left to study film-making in the United States, later returning to China to start a film studio. He died on Oct 21, 1923 at his home in Beijing.

==References==
{{reflist}}


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{{Presidents of the Republic of China}}
{{Presidents of the Republic of China}}
{{ROCPMs}}
{{ROCPMs}}
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{{Ministers of Education of the Republic of China}}
{{Tsinghua University}}
{{Warlord era}}
{{Warlord era}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhou, Ziqi}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhou, Ziqi}}
[[Category:Presidents of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
⚫
[[Category:Presidents of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Premiers of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Premiers of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of Chinese presidential pardons]]
[[Category:Recipients of Chinese presidential pardons]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guangzhou]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chaozhou]]
[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Guangdong]]
[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Guangdong]]
[[Category:Progressive Party (China) politicians]]
[[Category:Progressive Party (China) politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Chinese heads of government]]
[[Category:Governors of Shandong]]
[[Category:Chinese filmmakers]]

Revision as of 19:05, 18 January 2023

Zhou Ziqi
周自齊
Acting President of the Republic of China
In office
2 June 1922 – 11 June 1922
Preceded byXu Shichang
Succeeded byLi Yuanhong
Acting Premier of the Republic of China
In office
8 April 1922 – 11 June 1922
PresidentXu Shichang
Himself (as acting President)
Preceded byYan Huiqing
Succeeded byYan Huiqing
Minister of War of the Republic of China
In office
1913–1914
Preceded byDuan Qirui
Succeeded byWang Shizhen
Personal details
Born(1869-11-17)November 17, 1869
Guangdong, Qing Dynasty
DiedOctober 21, 1923(1923-10-21) (aged 53)
Shanghai, Republic of China
NationalityRepublic of China
Political partyNon-partisan
Other political
affiliations		Progressive Party
EducationColumbia University
AwardsOrder of Rank and Merit
Order of the Precious Brilliant Golden Grain
Order of the Rising Sun
Order of the Sacred Treasure
Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Military service
Allegiance Qing dynasty
Republic of China
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhou.

Zhou Ziqi (Chinese: 周自齊; pinyin: Zhōu Zìqí; Wade–Giles: Chow Tzu-ch'i) (17 November 1869 – 21 October 1923) was a Chinese educator and politician in the late Qing dynasty and early republican period. During the early part of the Republic, he served multiple roles: first in multiple ministry positions (including Communication and Finance), as a diplomat, then as acting President of the Republic, and, for a time, as acting Premier in 1922, during Liang Shiyi's illness. He was a member of the Communications Clique.

Biography

Born in Guangdong, Zhou, who spoke both Cantonese and Mandarin, later moved back to his ancestral province of Shandong. He attended Columbia University in the United States, and upon returning to China, he helped found Tsinghua University to prepare Chinese students to study abroad in America; among the subjects he emphasized were English, mathematics, and science. During his time at Tsinghua, Zhou was in charge of sending students to study abroad, and from 1911 to 1912, he served as president of the university.

As the governor of Shandong Province, he exerted significant influence, helping leak information about the Twenty-One Demands to the media.

A supporter of Yuan Shikai, the provisional president, and his actions to revert China from a republic to a monarch-led empire, Zhou, during his tenure as governor of Shandong, believed that the Chinese people, with a literacy rate of 2%, were not ready to govern themselves. In his view, the people could only be manipulated by politicians, and their actions would bring instability and chaos to the country. (To further buttress his argument, Zhou may have invited Columbia University political scientist Frank Johnson Goodnow to justify monarchism for China.) In 1913, Yuan appointed him Minister of War, a post in which he served until the following year.

Yuan attempted to re-establish the Empire of China in late 1915, sending Zhou to the Empire of Japan as a special envoy. The Japanese government under Okuma Shigenobu rejected him, and he returned to China to tell Yuan that his government had lost foreign support. After the failure of the restoration of the monarchy and Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhou found that his support for the Empire was not without personal cost: considered one of the eight top monarchists of the former regime, he was declared a traitor; and the new President, Li Yuanhong, ordered his arrest, causing Zhou to flee to Japan for asylum. After being pardoned by President Feng Guozhang in 1918, he served as Minister of Finance in 1920, under Xu Shichang.

As finance minister, he lost a power struggle against Premier Jin Yunpeng in 1921, and was compelled to resign. Seeking revenge, he convinced Zhang Zuolin to replace the premier with Liang Shiyi, the head of the civilian Communications Clique. That same year, he served as a member of the Chinese delegation to the Washington Naval Conference, before his resignation due to the "negative results" of the conference.[1]

Zhou also served as President of the Bank of China, Minister of Communication, Minister of Military, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and the Inspector General of Salt.

In 1922, he briefly served as acting premier and acting president, after the resignation of Liang as premier (due to illness),[2] and, later, Xu as President. His presidency, the shortest in Chinese history, was an interim one, as the Zhili clique tried to woo Li Yuanhong back into office. Having succeeded, but complaining of Zhili interference, he left to study film-making in the United States, later returning to China to start a film studio. He died on Oct 21, 1923 at his home in Beijing.

References

  1. ^ "Attaches of Delegation Resign in Protest Against 'Negative Results' of Conference.; THREE MORE CHINESE ADVISERS RESIGN". The New York Times. 1921-12-07. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
  2. ^ "CHINA HAS ACTING PREMIER.; Chow Tzu-Chi Named in the Absence". The New York Times. 1922-04-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
Political offices
Preceded by President of the Republic of China
1922 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Premier of the Republic of China
1922 		Succeeded by
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