Æthelred I (Northumbria)

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Northumbria in the 8th century included Bernicia and Deira

Æthelred I (also Aethelred, Aedilredus, Aeðelredus, Æðelred, Æþelred, Æþilred etc .; * around 762 - † April 18, 796 ) was twice, from 774 to 778/779 and from 790 to 796, king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria .

Life

family

Æthelred was the son of king Æthelwald Moll . His mother was probably his wife Æthelthryth. He had been married twice. His first wife, not known by name, he probably repudiated around 792 to marry llfflæd , a daughter of King Offa of Mercia . Descendants of Æthelred are not known.

First term

On October 30, 765, Æthelreds father Æthelwald Moll was deposed in Pincanheale (Finchale near Durham ) by the Witenagemot and Ealchred (765-774) was appointed the new king. Riots broke out in York around 773, possibly already connected with Ealchred's fall. At the Easter time of the year 774 Ealchred was deposed and banished by the Witenagemot in York. The reasons for this are unclear: on the one hand, he apparently had problems with Archbishop Æthelberht (767-780), on the other hand, his successor Æthelred pushed to power.

Æthelred did not rule unchallenged. In 778 he had the three gerēfas ("counts") Ealdwulf, Cynewulf and Ecga murdered. He was deposed 778/779 and the throne was the Eatingas in the person of Ælfwald I returned (778 / 779-788), the grandson of Eadberht of Northumbria was. Æthelred had to go into exile during the reign of his successors Ælfwald I and Osred II (788-790).

Second term

Coin Æthelreds, minted between 790 and 796

After Osred had also been removed from office and exiled in 790, Æthelred was re-enthroned. Æthelred's early coins were based on the issues of his predecessors. In his second term of office, the animal depiction on the lapel was replaced by the name of the mint master. With Æthelred the minting of the sceattas ended .

Æthelred saw his rule threatened. In the year 791 there was a "purge". He had Ælf and Ælfwine, the sons of Ælfwald, kidnapped as rivals to the throne from York and murdered at Wonwaldremere ( Windermere ). The Ealdorman and later King Eardwulf (796-806) was captured and was to be executed in 791 in Ripon at the gates of the monastery, but he survived. Dissatisfaction with Æthelreds rule grew, so that Osred was recalled from his exile on the Isle of Man . When he tried to recapture the throne in 792, he was defeated, captured, and executed on September 14th.

During his second term Æthelred received support from King Offa of Mercia and married his daughter Ælfflæd on September 29, 792 in Catterick . He also had support among the Deira nobility and had diplomatic contacts with Charlemagne, from whom he received gifts.

On June 7th, 793 the Lindisfarne monastery was attacked and sacked by Vikings . This raid marks the beginning of the Viking Age . The following year there was an attack on Jarrow Monastery. Alcuin accused Æthelred in a letter that this pillage was due to the sins of his and his noblemen. The Ealdormen Ealdred and Wada led a conspiracy that Æthelred fell victim to on April 18, 796 in Cobre ( Corbridge ). His widow Ælfflæd retired to a monastery. In the turmoil that followed, Osbald , who probably came from the Northumbrian royal family, was made king.

swell

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Barrie Cook, Gareth Williams (ed.): Coinage and history in the North Sea world, c. AD 500-1200 , Brill, 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-14777-5 , p. 220.
  2. ↑ a b c d Simon Keynes: Kings of the Northumbrians . In: Lapidge et al. (Ed.): The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England . Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford et al. a. 2001, ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1 , pp. 502-505.
  3. ^ John Cannon, Anne Hargreaves: The Kings and Queens of Britain , Oxford University Press, 2009 (2nd revised edition), ISBN 978-0-19-955922-0 , p. 42.
  4. ^ A b D. P. Kirby: The Earliest English Kings , Routledge, London-New York 2000, ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0 , p. 127.
  5. ↑ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 774
  6. ↑ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 778; Symeon of Durham: De Gestis Regum Anglorum for the year 778
  7. ^ Barbara Yorke: Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England . Routledge, London-New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3 , p. 88. see: Symeon von Durham: De Gestis Regum Anglorum for the year 779
  8. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 790
  9. ↑ Barrie Cook, Gareth Williams (ed.): Coinage and history in the North Sea world, c. AD 500-1200 , Brill, 2006, ISBN 978-90-04-14777-5 , S. 221st
  10. ^ Barbara Yorke: Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England . Routledge, London-New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3 , p. 89. see: Symeon von Durham: De Gestis Regum Anglorum for the year 791
  11. ↑ Symeon of Durham: De Gestis Regum Anglorum for the year 790
  12. ↑ Charles Jacinth Bellairs Gaskoin: Alcuin: His Life and His Work . CUP Archive, Cambridge 1966, pp. 66-67; see: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 792; Symeon of Durham: De Gestis Regum Anglorum for the year 792
  13. ^ Barbara Yorke: Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England . Routledge, London-New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3 , p. 95.
  14. ^ DP Kirby: The Earliest English Kings , Routledge, London-New York 2000, ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0 , pp. 129-131
  15. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 793
  16. ↑ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 794
  17. ↑ Charles Jacinth Bellairs Gaskoin: Alcuin: His Life and His Work . CUP Archive, Cambridge 1966, pp. 66-67
  18. ^ David W. Rollason: Northumbria, 500-1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom . Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-81335-8 , p. 194.
  19. ^ Symeon of Durham: De Gestis Regum Anglorum for the year 799
  20. ↑ Barbara Yorke: Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon Royal Houses . Continuum, 2003, ISBN 978-0-8264-6040-0 , p. 53.
  21. ^ Barbara Yorke: Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England . Routledge, London-New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3 , p. 88.
predecessor Office successor
Ealchred King of Northumbria
774-778 / 779 		Ælfwald I.
Osred II. King of Northumbria
790–796 		Osbald
personal data
SURNAME Æthelred I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Aethelred; Aedilredus; Aeðelredus; Æðelred; Æþelred; Æþilred
BRIEF DESCRIPTION King of Northumbria (774-778 / 779, 790-796)
DATE OF BIRTH at 762
DATE OF DEATH April 18, 796