Bernicia

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Britain in the 7th century

Bernicia , German Bernizien was a fishing kingdom in northern England during the 6th and 7th centuries . It emerged from the former British settlement area "Brynaich" which belonged to Hen Ogledd after it was subjugated by the fishing rods and later formed the Kingdom of Northumbria together with Deira to the south .

history

Bernicia stretched from the Tyne to the Firth of Forth and roughly encompassed what is now the counties of Northumberland and Durham . The western border shifted further and further west over time and finally also included the Cumbrian areas of Rheged and Gododdin as well as parts of the British Kingdom of Strathclyde . The royal seat was in Bamburgh , which was named after Bebba , the wife of King Æthelfrith .

The name Bernicia is of Celtic origin. It is derived from the word Berniccā (land of mountain passes). However, it was also explained by the fact that the original form * Bernech was merged with the British name of the Civitas Brigantum , namely * Brïγent , as a result of the Anglic expansion in their territory in the course of the 7th century.

The first recorded king was Ida of Bernicia . He is said to have ascended the throne in 547. In 604 Æthelfrith, as King of Bernicia, united his kingdom with the more southern Deira and thus founded Northumbria . He ruled until 616 when he fell in a battle against Rædwald , the king of the East Anglers who supported Æthelfrith's rival Edwin of Northumbria , whereupon Edwin became ruler of both Deiras and Bernicias, and united both kingdoms to form the kingdom of Northumbria.

Edwin fell in the battle of Hatfield Chase against King Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia on October 12, 633, after which Northumbria was again divided into Bernicia and Deira. Bernicia was briefly ruled by Eanfrith , a son of Æthelfrith. He too was killed by Cadwallon. His brother Oswald followed him, raised a new army and finally defeated Cadwallon in 634 in the Battle of Heavenfield , in which Cadwallon fell. After his victory, Oswald reunited Deira with Bernicia. The kings of Bernicia were rulers of Northumbria from then on, as the dynasty that ruled Deira had been almost completely wiped out by Cadwallon. However, when Oswald was killed in 642 in the Battle of Maserfield , which he fought with Penda of Mercia, the country fell apart again. The southern part elected a new king ( Oswine ), while Oswald's brother Oswiu reigned only over Bernicia. In 651 Oswiu had Oswine killed and unified the two kingdoms, although sub-kings remained in Deira, but they came exclusively from the Oswalds and Oswius families.

Genealogy of the kings of Bernicias and Northumbrias

The Idingas were named after Ida (547–559 / 560), the progenitor of the royal house, the royal family of Bernicia and later of Northumbria. With Ida the tradition begins, which goes beyond the mere naming of the chain of descent. The first certain "historical" king was Æthelfrith (592–616).

In the family tree of the dynasty, kings are highlighted in bold.

Mythical origin

Mythical ancestors according to the Historia Brittonum and the Anglian Collection :

  • Woden
    • Beldeg
      • Beornec
        • Gethbrond (Wægbrand)
          • Inbrand
            • Aluson
              • Ingwi (Angengeot)
                • Edibrith (Æthelberht)
                  • Oesa

Mythical ancestors according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle :

  • Geata
  • Godolph
  • Finn
  • Frithowulf
  • Fritholaf
  • Woden
    • Balday
      • fire
        • Bennoc
          • Gethbrond
            • Alloc
              • Angenwit
                • Ingwy
                  • Oesa

Historical dynasty

  • Ida ∞ Bearnoch
    • Adda (560-568)
    • Æthelric (568–572; son or grandson of Ida)
      • Theobald († 603)
      • Æthelfrith / Æthelfred Flesaur (592–616) ∞ (1) Bebba ∞ (2) Acha (daughter of King Ælle )
        • Eanfrith (633–634; mother: probably Bebba) ∞ NN, daughter of Gwid, King of the Picts (633–653)
          • Talorgan mac Enfret, King of the Picts (653–657)
          • NN (daughter) ∞ Beli
            • Brudei / Bridei, King of the Picts
        • Oswald (634–642; mother: Acha), saint ∞? NN (Irish) ∞ Cyneburh, daughter of King Cynegils of Wessex
          • Æthelwald (around 651 – around 655), sub-king in Deira
        • Oswine
        • Oswiu (* around 612; r. 642–670) ∞I. Fina in Ireland, daughter of Colman Rimid ∞II. Riemmelth (daughter of Royth, granddaughter of rum) ∞III. Eanflæd (daughter of Edwin , granddaughter of Ælle ).
        • Oswudu
        • Oslac
        • Offa
        • Æbba, Abbess of Colodæsburg / Coludi (Coldingham)
    • Belric
    • Theodric (572-579)
      • several sons
    • Theodhere
    • Osmer
    • Occa / Ocga (illegitimate)
      • Ealdhelm (Eadric)
        • Ecgwald (Ecgwulf)
          • Eadwulf (705–706) († 717; uncertain)
            • Earnwine († 740)
              • Eardwulf (uncertain, Ealdorman, † 774/775)
          • Leodwald
    • Ealric (illegitimate)
    • Ecca (illegitimate)
    • Oswald (illegitimate)
    • Sogor (illegitimate)
    • Sogethere (illegitimate)
    • Glappa (559-560; uncertain)
    • Frithuwald (579-585; uncertain)
    • Hussa (585-592; uncertain)
      • herring

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Harald Kleinschmidt: The Anglo-Saxons . CH Beck oHG, Munich, ISBN 978-3-406-62137-6 .
  2. ^ NJ Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria , p. 82ff.
  3. ↑ Bede, HE III, 6, and III, 16.
  4. ↑ Nennius, HB , c. 63
  5. ^ KH Jackson, Language and History in Early Britain , p. 81
  6. ↑ JT Koch, The Gododdin of Aneurin , p. 216, n.566
  7. ↑ MSC A , see 547
  8. ↑ DP Kirby, The Earliest English Kings , p. 57
  9. ^ NJ Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria , p. 113
  10. ↑ Beda, HE , III, 1
  11. ↑ Nennius, HB , c. 64
  12. ^ FM Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England , p. 82
  13. ^ FM Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England , p. 81
  14. ^ NJ Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria , p. 129
  15. ↑ ASC A , see 651
  16. ^ NJ Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria , p. 130
  17. ↑ Beda: HE 5.24
  18. ^ A b David W. Rollason: Northumbria, 500-1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom . Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-81335-8 , pp. 6-7.
  19. ↑ Individual records of family relationships and government or life data are included in the biographies.
  20. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Historia Brittonum , 57
  21. ↑ only in the Anglian Collection
  22. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 547
  23. ↑ Johannes von Worcester (author), Thomas Forester (transl.): The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester with the two continuations , HG Bohn, London 1854, p. 6. (without Gethbrond)
  24. ^ DP Kirby, Alfred Smyth, Ann Williams (Eds.): A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain , Routledge, 1991, ISBN 978-1-85264-047-7 , pp. Xxvii.
  25. ↑ Jim Bradbury: The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare , Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-22126-9 , p. 53.
  26. ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 603
  27. ↑ a b c d e f Michelle Ziegler: The Politics of Exile in Early Northumbria ( Memento of January 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (Memorial University of Newfoundland)
  28. ^ W. Stokes (trans.): The Annals of Tigernach Vol. I, Llanerch Publishers reprint, 1993, p. 153.
  29. ^ Barbara Yorke: Kings and Kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England . Routledge, London-New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3 , p. 76.
  30. ↑ JMP Calise: Pictish Sourcebook: Documents of Medieval Legend and Dark Age History . ABC-CLIO / Greenwood, 2002, ISBN 978-0-313-32295-2 , p. 177.
  31. ^ Barbara Yorke: Kings and Kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England . Routledge, London-New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3 , p. 89.
  32. Jump up ↑ DP Kirby: The Earliest English Kings , Routledge, London-New York 2000, ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0 , p. 123.
  33. ↑ Beda: HE 4,21
  34. ↑ RC Love: Æthelthryth . In: Michael Lapidge et al. (Ed.): The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England , Wiley-Blackwell, 2001, ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1 , p. 18.
  35. ↑ a b Historia Brittonum , 61
  36. ^ John Hines (Ed.): The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century. An Ethnographic Perspective . Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1997, ISBN 0-85115-479-4 , p. 185.
  37. ^ Vita Wilfridi Episcopi Eboracensis Auctore Stephano 39, MGH SS rer. Merov. VI, pp. 231-232.
  38. ↑ Historia Brittonum , 63
  39. ↑ a b Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 729
  40. ↑ a b c d e f Johannes von Worcester (author), Thomas Forester (transl.): The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester with the two continuations , HG Bohn, London 1854, p. 6.
  41. ↑ James Earle Fraser: From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795 (New Edinburgh history of Scotland, Volume 1) , Edinburgh University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7486-1232-1 , p. 268.
  42. ^ Barbara Yorke: Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England . Routledge, London-New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3 , p. 89.
  43. ↑ Johannes von Worcester (author), Thomas Forester (transl.): The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester with the two continuations , HG Bohn, London 1854, p. 39. (Ancestors to Occa, without Leodwald)
  44. ↑ see: Alex Woolf: From Pictland to Alba: 789-1070 Volume 2. Edinburgh University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5 , p. 42; DP Kirby: The Earliest English Kings , Routledge, London-New York 2000, ISBN 978-0-415-24211-0 , p. 125
  45. ↑ Symeon of Durham : Historia ecclesiae Dunelmensis XVIII
  46. ↑ Johannes von Worcester (author), Thomas Forester (transl.): The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester with the two continuations , HG Bohn, London 1854, p. 44.
  47. ↑ Symeon of Durham: De Gestis Regum Anglorum for the year 800
  48. ^ A b c William Hunt :  Ida . In: Sidney Lee (Ed.): Dictionary of National Biography . Volume 28:  Howard - Inglethorpe. , MacMillan & Co, Smith, Elder & Co., New York City / London 1891, pp. 411 - 412 (English ,, (partly outdated state of research)).
  49. ^ Heinrich Beck , Dieter Geuenich , Heiko Steuer (eds.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde Volume 5 , de Gruyter, 1984, ISBN 978-3-11-009635-4 , p. 307.

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literature

  • Steven Basset (Ed.): The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms , Leicester University Press, Leicester 1989, ISBN 0-7185-1317-7 .
  • James Campbell et al. (Ed.): The Anglo-Saxons , Phaidon, London 1982, ISBN 0-7148-2149-7 .
  • Nicholas J. Higham: The Northern Counties to AD 1000 . Longman, London 1986, ISBN 0-582-49275-0 .
  • Nicholas J. Higham: The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1000 . Sutton, Stroud 1993, ISBN 0-86299-730-5 .
  • Kenneth H. Jackson: Language and History in Early Britain , Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1953, ISBN 0-85224-116-X .
  • DP Kirby: The Earliest English Kings , Unwin Hyman, London 1991, ISBN 0-04-445691-3 .
  • John T. Koch: The Gododdin of Aneurin: Text and context from Dark-Age North Britain , University of Wales Press, Cardiff 1997, ISBN 0-7083-1374-4
  • Frank M. Stenton: Anglo-Saxon England , 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 1971, ISBN 0-19-280139-2 .
  • Barbara Yorke : Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England . Routledge, London-New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-16639-3 . PDF (6.2 MB)