Öğündük
| Öğündük | ||||
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| Basic data | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province (il) : | Şırnak | |||
| District ( ilçe ) : | İdil | |||
| Coordinates : | 37 ° 20 ' N , 41 ° 45' E | |||
| Height : | 800 m | |||
| Residents : | 384 (2013) | |||
| Telephone code : | (+90) 486 | |||
| Postal code : | 73 xxx | |||
| License plate : | 73 | |||
| Structure and administration (status: 2014) | ||||
| Muhtar : | Şemun Vergili | |||
Öğündük ( Aramaic Midin , Arabic Middo , Kurdish Midih ) is a Christian-Aramaic village in the İdil district in the Şırnak province in southeastern Turkey in the Tur Abdin mountain range .
geography
Öğündük is located about 800 m above sea level at the transition from a limestone massif to the basalt block fields to the east. 15 km further southeast is the extinct volcano 'alam (Turkish Elim Dağı ) with over 1,000 meters of altitude. A deep gorge begins directly on the eastern edge of the village, which the locals call Roghulo d-gihano (Hell 's Throat ).
location
The neighboring villages of Öğündüks are distributed as follows:
|
Midyat 47 km |
Yarbaşı 18 km |
|
|
Mor Gabriel Monastery 27 km |
.svg)
|
İdil 16 km |
|
Sarıköy 13 km |
Kefshenne 2 km |
climate
The climate is Mediterranean, in the mild winter and spring it sometimes rains a lot. Summers are very hot and dry.
flora
There were still dense oak forests until the 1950s. In the meantime almost everything has been cut down except for a few larger oaks . In the war against Kurdish separatists, the Turkish army regularly burned the remaining forests to take cover from the fighters. The whole of Tur Abdin is dominated by Mediterranean hard foliage.
economy
Wine, honey and watermelons, figs, cucumbers, cereals, legumes, nuts, almonds, pistachios, etc. are grown in the fertile surroundings of Öğündük. In addition to agriculture, there is also traditional cattle breeding for personal needs.
population
After the massacres in the 19th century, the genocide of the Aramaeans in 1915 and the emigration to Europe, the population has remained constant at around 50 Aramaic families for several years .
Infrastructure
The gendarmerie station of the Turkish armed forces is in front of the town entrance.
- 1953: Establishment of a state primary school
- 1989: Connection to the electricity and telephone network
- 1996: completion of a water tower
- 1999: Expansion of a paved road
- 2001: Completion of a sewerage system
language
With the arrival of Kurdish-speaking Christians around three hundred years ago and the very eastern location in Tur Abdin, Midin developed its own dialect of Aramaic. It also includes words from Classical Aramaic (Kthobonoyo) and New East Aramaic.
View over Midin, in the foreground the pond "Raumo" and the bridge "Kopri"
View over the village, in the background the main church Mor Yakup
Parish Church of Mor Yakup / St. Jacob
Branch church Mor Heworo / St. Heworo
.jpg)
history
Place name
Historical writings from the 6th century mention a border fortress Minduos or Mindun , the exact location of which has not yet been clarified. The Aramaic name of the village is probably derived from this.
The place to ancient times
On the slopes of the gorge near the settlement there are numerous natural and artificially created caves, so it is assumed that there was a settlement here in prehistoric times. Individual cylinder seals found during construction work have been dated by scientists to the Central Assyrian period (1500–1000 BC). In the Assyrian reports on the campaign of King Assurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) in 879 BC. The place is not mentioned against the Aramaic princes and kings of Tur Abdin.
Roman-Persian Wars
From the 4th century, coins with the Greek inscription of Emperor Constantine I the Great and his sons were found in the middle of the village . At that time, most of the Tur Abdin, probably including Midin, was already Christianized.
The first centuries AD were marked by border disputes between Romans and Persians and the later Roman-Persian Wars . From 363 on, the Tur Abdin was the easternmost flank of the Roman Empire for 250 years. The border between the two empires led directly on the eastern edge of the village of Midin into the gorge that begins here and further along to the Tigris . The areas east of Midin to south of the Mor Malke monastery near Arkah were Persian. In the north and northeast, the Tigris formed the natural border.
Rise of islam
Later the Tur Abdin was incorporated into the Islamic world. The Arabs took possession of the land in 639 and 640. The Tur Abdin became part of the Saracen Empire. An inscription from Midin has survived from the 10th century (911 or 914 AD). It is the earliest grave inscription by a nun in the Tur Abdin.
Otherwise, the location didn't play a prominent role in the story. There is evidence that Midin was destroyed by Kurdish nomads in 1453 and also sacked by hordes from Diyarbakır in the 15th century . In the middle of the 19th century, gangs of the Masur Beg from Botan Midin plundered.
First World War, genocide 1915
Like almost all Christian villages in Tur Abdin, Midin was attacked in 1915 in the course of the genocide of the Aramaeans. The place could not be held against the attackers. After the first siege, the residents fled to Beth Sbirino, today's Haberli , where they survived the siege with many other Christians from the surrounding villages in the fortress-like church of Mor Dodo. Seven years later, the first residents returned. More than 1,000 residents of Midin immigrated to Iraq and Lebanon forever .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Turkish Institute for Statistics ( Memento from December 1, 2014 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed December 1, 2014
- ↑ Otto Jastrow, Phonology and Forms of the Neo-Aramaic Dialect by Midin in Tur ʻabdin 4th ed. 1993 Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden (diss.)
- ↑ David Gaunt, Jan Bet̲-Şawoce, Racho Donef. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I Gorgias Press LLC, 2006 ISBN 1593333013 p. 206
Web links
- Website about the village of Midin (Aramaic and German)