Overloading (transport)
If a vehicle loaded with people or freight is heavier than its gross vehicle weight , it is overloaded .
Road traffic
Overloading is punished as a traffic offense according to a catalog of fines . A distinction is made between cars, trailers and trucks. For trucks the catalog is for drivers and vehicle owners differentiated.
Overloading a vehicle can endanger other road users due to longer braking distances and poor driving behavior. The Federal Office for Goods Transport (BAG) and the police therefore carry out random checks. In the event of significant violations, a further journey is not permitted and the person responsible (in the case of trucks, the carrier ) must reduce his load so that the permissible total weight is no longer exceeded. In the case of commercial transports, the vehicle must stand still until it has been reloaded onto a second vehicle. The carrier has to bear the costs for this reloading. However, he can civilly claim the money back from the polluter.
Since it u. a. If containers are often overloaded, just picking up a second 20-foot container (TEU) can lead to the truck being overloaded.
If there is an accident due to overloading, there is also the possibility of recourse through your own liability insurance; under civil law, partial debt can be recognized.
After serious truck accidents, especially truck rear-end collisions , overloading and its consequences are usually treated as a criminal offense. After rear-end collisions, media reports repeatedly pointed to actual or suspected overloads and overloaded braking systems.
Rail transport
At the railway , you work with the so-called route classes . This means that each route is assigned a maximum permissible meter load and axle load . As a rule, this must not be exceeded. Under certain circumstances, a train / wagon with a higher axle load or meter load can be transported as an exceptional consignment (for example, at reduced speed over a bridge with a meter load that is too weak, lined up between empty wagons).
A freight wagon is considered overloaded if it is heavily loaded than the route classes belonging to the route allow. These maximum permissible weights are written on the wagon with the load limit grid . The weakest, smallest grid of all routes to be traveled is decisive here. In addition, the individual load grid must be adhered to if this is indicated on the wagon.
Overloaded freight wagons will not be accepted by the railway and will be returned to the customer. If a wagon is found to be overloaded en route, the general contract for the use of freight wagons (AVV) stipulates that the wagon must be suspended and the load regulated by the shipper. In such cases, the goods are usually unloaded or reloaded.
Wagons that have been loaded beyond their structurally permissible loading limit are to be suspended, unloaded and given special treatment in accordance with the AVV. If certain wheelset weights are exceeded, the affected wheelsets must be exchanged. Constructively overloaded wagons can be seen from the insufficient spring play or from the buffer stands that are too low .
In Switzerland, permanently installed train control systems are used for monitoring . These can dynamically record the wheelset pressures while a train is running at full speed and give an alarm if the generally permissible wheelset load is exceeded or there is an imbalance between the individual wheel pressures on the same wagon. According to the loading guidelines of the International Union of Railways UIC, for example, a wagon with single wheel sets may not have an axle pressure ratio greater than 2: 1. A ratio of 3: 1 is permitted for a wagon with bogies . A maximum deviation of the wheel pressure of 1.25: 1 is permitted on the side. In addition to a loading error, a deviation in the individual wheel pressures can also indicate damage to the chassis (e.g. a broken spring).
Shipping
Similar to road traffic, the waterway police or other competent authorities carry out checks on ships . Violations are also punished with fines here. This can happen with both passenger ships and freight ships. Overloaded ships can, for example, be identified by too much draft during controls . Overloading can already exist without the freeboard marks indicating this, if the specified unloading depths for certain waterways are exceeded. If an overloaded ship is unable to discharge ballast , cargo must be delivered. In exceptional cases, such as in the case of special transports, the competent authorities of the federal authorities issue special permits.
aviation
In aviation , overloading is avoided as far as possible, as this could result in a shift in the center of gravity, which restricts maneuverability or makes it impossible and can therefore lead to crashes (see US Airways Express flight 5481 ). The manufacturers therefore always include tolerance ranges when specifying the load, since the weight calculation is partly based on estimated values or average values.
Web links
- Keyword overload on lkwrecht.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Fines catalog 2017
- ↑ Overloaded VW Polo
- ↑ Sea freight containers have to weigh in from July 2016 - May 6th, 2016, Research into the causes of wrecked container ships - not least the MSC Napoli wrecked off the coast of England in 2007 - has shown that up to 20% of the containers are significantly overloaded. ( Memento from April 18, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ For criminal offenses see case 5: load weight 75 instead of the permitted 42 tons
- ↑ Truck falls from embankment , General-Anzeiger Bonn, 15./16. April 2017, region p. 31: Instead of 21 tons (according to the papers), the load should have been almost twice as much.
- ↑ Truck rear-end collisions ( Memento from April 18, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ UIC Loading Guidelines Volume 1 Item 3 ( Memento of November 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ UIC route classes (LOCA) ( Memento from January 19, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ A VV Article 10; Wagons that do not comply with the loading regulations may be rejected (do not have to be accepted)
- ↑ AVV Annex 9 Annex 2 Number 7.1.7
- ↑ UIC Loading Guidelines Volume 1 Item 3.3 ( Memento of November 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ André Zand-Vakili: Police stop overloaded Hadag ferry , September 18, 2012, accessed on November 25, 2012.
- ^ Landespolizeiamt Schleswig-Holstein: Police report Brunsbüttel: Oil tanker overloaded , focus, November 14, 2012, accessed on November 25, 2012.
