Achipteriidae

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Achipteriidae
Systematics
Subclass : Mites (acari)
Superordinate : Acariformes
Order : Sarcoptiformes
Subordination : Horn mites (Oribatida)
Superfamily : Achipterioidea
Family : Achipteriidae
Scientific name
Achipteriidae
Thor , 1929

The Achipteriidae are a family of mites . They belong within this group of arachnids to the suborder of horn mites in the order Sarcoptiformes .

features

The adult stages of the Achipteriidae are 0.25 to 0.75 millimeters long. Toothed forceps are formed on each of the two tripartite chelicerae . The movable finger of these pliers is relatively large. The pedipalps do not have an end claw. On the Notogaster, the sclerotized dorsal part of the opisthosoma , there are 10 pairs of hairs ( setae ) 10 to 20 micrometers in length. Their axes consist of actinopilin , a chitin-like substance. The oval-shaped Notogaster has two wing-like skin folds, the pteromorphs , on the sides , which probably serve to protect the legs. Between the pteromorphs, the suture between Notogaster and Prodorsum extends slightly curved forward . The prodorsum, the dorsal region of the prosoma , has lamellar structures between which six pairs of hairs sit. Two trichobothria on the prodorsum serve as sense organs. The octotaxic system consists of tiny porous areas or small sacs.

The legs each have a sickle-like end claw and numerous hairs. There is no pulvillus .

Nymphs

An important feature of the Achipteriidae is the fan-shaped folding of the cuticle in the juvenile stages ( nymphs ).

distribution

The Achipteriidae are distributed worldwide, mainly in the temperate climate zones of the northern and southern hemisphere. In the subtropics and tropics they only occur in the cloud forest at higher altitudes .

Way of life

The species in this family often live in the soil and leaf fall of forests, they are also found on deciduous mosses and liverworts . Anachipteria geminus lives in leaf lichens on the bark of conifers of the montane altitude range in North America.

All species are mycophagus or saprophagous , which means that they feed on fungi and algae or on decaying leaves and plant material, depending on what is available. From Achipteria coleoptrata , a common in Europe especially in deciduous forests mite is known to be mainly on the algae Desmococcus vulgaris or grass and plant material fed (makrophytophag). Decomposed litter is preferred, which has already been opened up by fungi and bacteria. Often there are thousands of individuals per square meter in the soil. Your excretions are further broken down by bacteria. The mites are therefore an important factor in soil formation .

The Achipteridae are because of their worldwide distribution and high number of individuals important intermediate hosts for tapeworms from the order Cyclophyllidea z. B. the species Anoplocephaloides mammillana parasitizing in the gastrointestinal tract of horses .

Systematics

The Achipteriidae are summarized in the mite system with the family Tegoribatidae to the superfamily Achipteroidea . Some authors also include the Epactozetidae in this superfamily. The Tegoribatidae were separated from the Achipteriidae as a separate family. In the past, these families were placed in the superfamily Oribatelloidea.

Attempts were also made to put the Achipteroidea together with the superfamilies Licneremaeoidea and Phenopelopoidea into a clade . The common feature of this group is the plicate fold structure of the cuticle of the nymphs along with the presence of an octotaxic system. However , these clades, which have been compiled on the basis of morphological characteristics, cannot be substantiated by molecular genetic studies . Such studies even indicate paraphyly for the Achipteriidae family . Features such as the folds of the cuticle or the octotaxic system could have converged several times in the course of tribal history .

Genera and selected species

The number and name of the genera of the Achipteridae underwent fundamental changes in the first decade of the 21st century. This is due to improved research methods and the discovery of new species, which led to the revision of the genera to include the type Achipteria Berlese, 1885. The subgenus Cubachipteria was raised to the genus, the genus Hoffmanacarus was placed as a subgenus in the genus Anachipteria . In various taxonomic databases, therefore, outdated or different generic compositions for the family are often mentioned.

The Achipteriidae currently include 8 genera with around 90 species:

  • Achipteria Berlese, 1885 (worldwide distribution, 2 subgenera, 32 species)
    • Achipteria (Achipteria) Berlese, 1885 ( Holarctic , Oriental and Neotropical , 30 species)
      • Achipteria (Achipteria) coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Palearctic, 2 subspecies)
      • Achipteria (Achipteria) holomonensis Cancela de Fonseca & Stamou, 1987 (Greece)
    • Achipteria (Izuachipteria) Balogh & Mahunka, 1979 (Eastern Palearctic , 2 species)
      • Achipteria (Izuachipteria) alpestris (Aoki, 1973) (Japan)
  • Anachipteria Grandjean, 1932 (Holarctic, Oriental and Neotropical, 18 species)
    • Anachipteria (Anachipteria) Grandjean, 1932 (Holarctic, Oriental and Neotropical, 3 subgenera, 15 species)
      • Anachipteria (Anachipteria) geminus Lindo, Clayton & Behan-Pelletier, 2008
    • Anachipteria (Hoffmanacarus) Mahunka, 1995 (Nearktis, 1 species)
      • Anachipteria (Hoffmanacarus) virginianus Mahunka, 1995 (USA)
    • Anachipteria (Weigmanniella) Subías, 2010 (Holarctic, 2 species)
      • Anachipteria (Weigmanniella) dubia Weigmann, 2001 (Central Europe)
      • Anachipteria (Weigmanniella) sacculifera Root, Kawahara & Norton, 2007 (USA)
  • Campachipteria Aoki, 1995 (Holarctic and Oriental, 18 species)
    • Campachipteria distincta (Aoki, 1959) (eastern Palearctic, 2 subspecies)
  • Cerachipteria Grandjean, 1935 (Palearctic, Europe, 4 species)
    • Cerachipteria digita Grandjean, 1935 (Eastern Europe, 2 subspecies)
    • Cerachipteria franzi Willmann, 1953 (Austria)
  • Cubachipteria Balogh and Mahunka, 1979 (Neotropis, 3 species)
    • Cubachipteria remota (Balogh & Mahunka, 1979) (Venezuela)
    • Cubachipteria mayariana (Palacios-Vargas & Socarrás, 2001) (Cuba)
  • Dentachipteria Nevin, 1974 (2 species)
    • Dentachipteria ringwoodensis Nevin, 1974 (USA)
    • Dentachipteria highlandensis Nevin, 1974 (USA)
  • Parachipteria Van der Hammen, 1952 (Holarctic, 7 species)
    • Parachipteria punctata (Nicolet, 1855) (Holarctic, mainly Palearctic)
  • Plakoribates Popp, 1960 (tropics, 5 species)
    • Plakoribates neotropicus Balogh & Mahunka, 1978 (Bolivia)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Zoë Lindo, Marilyn Clayton and Valerie M. Behan-Pelletier: Systematics and ecology of Anachipteria geminus sp. nov. (Acari: Oribatida: Achipteriidae) from arboreal lichens in western North America . The Canadian Entomologist, 140, 5, pp. 539-556, 2008 doi : 10.4039 / n08-016
  2. ^ Heinrich Schatz: About nutritional biology of Oribatiden (Acari) in the high mountains (Obergurgl, Tyrol). Reports of the Natural Science-Medical Association Innsbruck, 66, pp. 7-20, 1979
  3. ↑ Guillermo Denegri, Wilbert Bernadina, Jorge Perez-Serrano, Filomena Rodriguez-Caabeiro: Anoplocephalid cestodes of veterinary and medical significance: a review. Folia parasitologica, 45, pp. 1-8, 1998
  4. ↑ Sylvia Schäffer, Stephan Koblmüller, Tobias Pfingstl, Christian Sturmbauer and Günther Krisper: Ancestral state reconstructions reveal multiple independent evolution of diagnostic morphological characters in the "Higher Oribatida" (Acari), conflicting with current classification schemes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 246, 2010 doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2148-10-246
  5. ↑ Luis Santos Subías: Listado sistemático, sinonímico y biogeográfico de los ácaros oribátidos (Acariformes: Oribatida) del mundo (Excepto fósiles) ( Memento of June 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (Publicado originalmente en Graellsia, 60 (número extraordinario), Smero extraordinario . 3–305, 2004; PDF; 3.8 MB), Actualizado en junio de 2006, en abril de 2007, en mayo de 2008, en abril de 2009 y en julio de 2010

literature

  • GW Krantz and DE Walter (Eds.): A Manual of Acarology . Third edition, Texas Tech University Press, 2009, p. 467 ISBN 978-089672-620-8
  • Gerd Weigmann: Horn mites (Oribatida). The animal world of Germany, Volume 76, Goecke & Evers, Keltern 2006 ISBN 978-3937783185

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