Air Defense Identification Zone

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Air Defense Identification Zone ( ADIZ ) refers to an air surveillance zone in which aircraft passing through for military air defense purposes must identify themselves and regularly disclose their coordinates.

An Air Defense Identification Zone usually supplements the airspace over the territorial waters of a state ( 12 nautical mile zone ) with the international waters lying outside it as a buffer zone, in order to be able to detect the intrusion of foreign aircraft into the actual airspace at an early stage. As such, they are not part of the territory of a state and therefore have no basis in international law .

In some cases, ADIZs were also built over land, such as the earlier one along the German-German border or from 2007 to the reclassification in 2010 via Washington, DC

More than 20 states have established an ADIZ, including the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, South Korea, China, the United Kingdom , Norway , India, and Pakistan .

Germany

The ADIZ in Germany extended along the German-German border between the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR and through the Bavarian Forest to the border with Austria and ran on the western side in West German territory.

Even after the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany, flight control remained with the Allied occupying powers . In 1955, during the Cold War, the USA set up an ADIZ on the territory of the former American zone for the flight information areas (FIR) Frankfurt am Main (today: FIR Langen) and Munich along the border to the former Soviet occupation zone and Czechoslovakia , which was founded in 1957 by the British north to the flight information area Bad Eilsen / Hanover (today: FIR Bremen), d. H. Northern Germany, was expanded. This had a depth of 25 to 30 nautical miles or later an average of 40 km depth. Braunschweig was an exception, although it was only 30 km from the border, which was exempted from ADIZ in 1958 at the instigation of the local Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

The air defense and detection zone named by the Federal Republic was renamed the flight control zone (FlugÜZ) in 1963 . With the announcement of flight restrictions in the air traffic control zone on October 19, 1963, stricter regulations were issued. Every flight into or out of the FlugÜZ now had to be reported to the responsible air traffic control center 60 minutes before take-off, which forwarded it to the appropriate military service for approval.

The ADIZ was set up for two reasons: firstly, to prevent unexpected flights by military aircraft from the Eastern Bloc and secondly, to be able to intervene in good time in the event of intentional or accidental approaches to the German-German border. The ADIZ applied equally to flights under instrument and visual flight rules. Apart from special corridors that led to the airfields located in the ADIZ (e.g. Bayreuth), the zone was only allowed to be flown with a flight plan submitted in advance and under air traffic control.

Specialty

An internal German peculiarity existed with regard to the three air corridors from and to Berlin (West), which were controlled by NATO with ADIZ traffic jams. On the part of the then flight reporting and control service, which later became the radar command service (today the Luftwaffe operations command service), the usual SHAPE ( oak leaf building ) terms Northern Shoot , Central Shoot and Southern Shoot were used. In the official language of the GDR, the name for these air corridors was "temporary air routes from - and to Berlin (West)".

With the German unification , the ADIZ, with the exception of the "three Berlin air corridors", was closed.

USA and Canada

Air Defense Identification Zone of the United States and Canada

The US-ADIZ dates back to 1940 - and significantly advanced from 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor - when the United States set up radar stations along its east and west coast to protect the airspace from attacks by the Axis powers up to 150 kilometers above the coastal waters monitor. With the favorable war situation in 1943, this surveillance zone was initially given up again. In the course of the Korean War , the Air Defense Identification Zones that have existed since then were set up in 1950.

The United States has four ADIZ: the Contiguous US ADIZ along the west coast, east coast and the Gulf of Mexico, the Alaska ADIZ , the Hawaii ADIZ, and the Guam ADIZ . The ADIZ of Canada (CADIZ) connects directly to the Contiguous US ADIZ to the north . The ADIZ extend to about 200 miles (320 km) above sea level and are subordinate to the North American Aerospace Defense Command .

An ADIZ is defined in US law as "airspace over land or water in which the identification, location and control of civilian machines is necessary in the interests of national security", whereby the US-ADIZ rules only apply to civilian machines, but not to other military machines States apply. The official position also states that the ADIZ also does not apply to civil aircraft that do not intend to fly into US airspace, and applies this analogously to the ADIZ of other countries. So writes Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations of the US Navy :

“The United States does not recognize the right of a coastal nation to apply its ADIZ procedures to foreign aircraft not intending to enter national airspace nor does the United States apply its ADIZ procedures to foreign aircraft not intending to enter US airspace. Accordingly, US military aircraft not intending to enter national airspace should not identify themselves or otherwise comply with ADIZ procedures established by other nations, unless the United States has specifically agreed to do so. "

"The United States does not recognize the right of a coastal nation to apply ADIZ measures to foreign aircraft that do not intend to enter domestic airspace, nor does the United States apply its ADIZ measures to foreign aircraft that do not intend to enter US airspace . Accordingly, US military aircraft that do not intend to fly into national airspace should not identify themselves or otherwise follow ADIZ policies of other nations unless the United States has given its consent. "

Washington DC

Former Washington, DC Air Defense Identification Zone before (green lines) and after (red lines, blue area) its redesign on August 30, 2007 and the FRZ (red area)

As part of the reaction to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 , an ADIZ was set up via Washington, DC (DC ADIZ) in February 2003 . This consisted of three circles of 15 to 38 miles (24–61 km) radius. On August 30, 2007 this was reduced to a single circle with a radius of 30 nautical miles (56 km). Within the ADIZ there is in turn a 15 miles (24 km) in radius Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ) in which air traffic is restricted. On December 1, 2010, the name was changed to Washington, DC Metropolitan Area Special Flight Rules Area (DC SFRA).

China

Air Defense Identification Zone of Japan (blue) and China (pink) with highlighted Senkaku Islands and 2010 expansion in the Yonaguni area

The People's Republic of China declared on 23 November 2013, Air Defense Identification Zone over the East China Sea , which is also associated with the Republic of China (Taiwan) controversial and Japan Senkaku Islands , as well as the with South Korea disputed Socotra Rock includes. The Chinese ADIZ overlaps half with the Japanese.

Japan

Japan's Air Defense Identification Zone ( Japanese 防空 識別 圏 , hōkū shikibetsuken ) was established in 1945 by the US occupation authorities ( GHQ ) and handed over to the Japanese government in 1969, supplemented in 1972 by the Ryūkyū Islands, which were returned to Japan . Today it essentially extends over the area of ​​Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone , with the exception of the southeastern islands ( Izu and Ogasawara Islands ).

A special feature was that the western border ran along the 123rd eastern longitude through the island of Yonaguni , so that the western half of the island belonged to the ADIZ of the Republic of China (Taiwan) , although the Japanese territory was still within the 12 nautical mile zone extended further. On June 25, 2010, Japan therefore expanded its ADIZ around the island by these 12 nautical miles, as well as two nautical miles as a buffer zone, which therefore overlaps with Taiwan's ADIZ at this point.

South Korea

South Korea's Air Defense Identification Zone (KADIZ for short) was established in 1951 during the Korean War and extends in the north to the 39th parallel at the level of North Korean Pyongyang . In the course of the establishment of the Chinese ADIZ in 2013, which extends over the submarine reefs of the Socotra Rock , which is disputed with South Korea , the government announced that it would consider expanding its own ADIZ to the Socotra Rock as well. At the same time, voices were again raised calling for KADIZ to be expanded to include the areas of the 12 nautical mile zone around the South Korean islands of Marado and Hongdo , which are still part of the Japanese air traffic control zone , as it was before the expansion has been set from three nautical miles to the 12 nautical mile zone by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . On December 8, 2013 the government announced that the expansion of KADIZ with regard to the two islands and the submarine reef had been decided and would come into force on December 15, 2013, following the announcement in the Official Gazette and in the Airman's Advisory (AIRAD).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jeremy Page: The A to Z on China's Air Defense Identification Zone. In: China Real Time Report, The Wallstreet Journal. November 27, 2013, accessed November 29, 2013 .
  2. ↑ Madison Park: Why China's new air zone incensed Japan, US In: CNN. November 27, 2013, accessed November 29, 2013 .
  3. ↑ a b Background: Air Defense Identification Zones. In: CCTV.com. November 24, 2013, accessed November 29, 2013 .
  4. ↑ a b Air Defense Identification Zone - China. In: GlobalSecurity.org. November 25, 2013, accessed November 29, 2013 .
  5. ^ Frank W. Fischer: The development of air traffic control in West Germany after 1945. The first ten years of the International Advisory Group Air Navigation Services (ANSA). Accessed on May 23, 2019 (English)
  6. ↑ a b surveillance zone "FlugÜZ" . In: Der Spiegel . No. 46/1964 , November 11, 1964, pp. 88-90 ( online ).
  7. ↑ ADIZ = According to Q .: Fölbach, 50 years operational command service of the Air Force 1960 - 2010.
  8. ↑ "The radio technical troops of the GDR air defense", history and stories, by Wolf-Rüdiger Stuppert and Siegfried Fiedle, 1st edition 2013, Steffen Verlag / Steffen GmbH, ISBN 978-3-942477-39-0 .
  9. ^ David F. Winkler: Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program. United States Air Force Air Combat Command, June 1997, accessed November 29, 2013 .
  10. ↑ Subpart B - Designated Air Defense Identification Zones . In: Code of Federal Regulations 14 CFR 99 - Security Control of Air Traffic . United States Government Printing Office , 2012 ( PDF ).
  11. ^ Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) - USA. In: GlobalSecurity.org. November 24, 2013, accessed November 29, 2013 .
  12. ↑ §99.3 Definitions . In: Code of Federal Regulations 14 CFR 99 - Security Control of Air Traffic . United States Government Printing Office, 2012 ( PDF - " Air defense identification zone (ADIZ) means an area of ​​airspace over land or water in which the ready identification, location, and control of civil aircraft is required in the interest of national security. " ).
  13. ^ Statement on the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone state.gov. Accessed May 23, 2019
  14. ↑ US Navy (Ed.): Commander's Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations . July 2007, 2.7.2.3 Air Defense Identification Zones in International Airspace, p. 2–13 ( PDF ). PDF ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.usnwc.edu
  15. ^ Air Traffic Services Brief: Security Officials Want Washington, DC, Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) to Be Made Permanent. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, August 29, 2007, archived from the original on August 17, 2008 ; accessed on November 26, 2013 (English).
  16. ^ NOTAM Advisory: Washington DC Metropolitan Area Special Flight Rules Area and Washington Area Speed ​​Restrictions. (PDF) Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, November 19, 2010, accessed November 27, 2013 .
  17. ^ Statement by the Government of the People's Republic of China on Establishing the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone. Ministry of Defense of the People's Republic of China, November 23, 2013, archived from the original on November 27, 2013 ; accessed on November 25, 2013 .
  18. ↑ a b (3rd LD) China rejects S. Korea's demand over air defense zone. In: Yonhap. November 28, 2013, accessed November 28, 2013 .
  19. ↑ Shih Hsiu-chuan: Japan extends ADIZ into Taiwan space. In: Taipei Times. June 26, 2010, accessed November 25, 2013 .
  20. ↑ < 한 - 중 방공 식별 구역 중첩, 이어도 KADIZ 제외 논란 > ( 종합 ). In: Yonhap. November 24, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013 (Korean).
  21. ↑ China's aerial ambitions deepen territorial tensions. In: The Korea Herald. November 26, 2013, accessed November 27, 2013 .
  22. ↑ Another sea area of ​​South Korea in Japan's air surveillance zone. In: KBS World. November 28, 2013, accessed December 7, 2013 .
  23. ↑ South Korea expands airspace control zone around Ieodo. In: KBS World. December 8, 2013, accessed December 8, 2013 .
  24. ↑ Bigger KADIZ will take effect Dec. 15. In: The Korea Times. December 8, 2013, accessed December 8, 2013 .