Senkaku Islands

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Senkaku Islands
Map of the islands (numbered)
Map of the islands (numbered)
Waters East China Sea
Geographical location 25 ° 45 ′  N , 123 ° 29 ′  E Coordinates: 25 ° 45 ′  N , 123 ° 29 ′  E
Map of Diaoyu / Senkaku Islands
Number of islands 5 islands, 3 rocky reefs
Main island Chin. Diàoyú Dǎo / Diàoyútái /
Japanese Uotsuri-jima
Total land area 5-6 km²
Residents uninhabited

The Diaoyu / Senkaku Islands ( Japanese 尖 閣 諸島 , Senkaku-shotō ) or Diaoyu (tai) Islands ( People's Republic of China : 釣魚島 及其 (部分) 附屬 島嶼 , Diàoyú Dǎo jíqí (bùfen) fùshǔ dǎoyǔ  - “Diaoyu Dao and pending Islands ", Republic of China (Taiwan) : 釣魚臺 列 嶼 , Diàoyútái lièyǔ  -" Diaoyutai Islands ") are an uninhabited group of islands on the continental shelf in the East China Sea . They are located about 170 km northeast of Taiwan (or 140 km to the offshore island Pengjia ) and 150 km north of the Japanese Yaeyama Islands ( Ishigaki-jima ).

Since May 15, 1972, they are (again) administered by Japan as part of the Ishigaki municipality. The Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China have independently claimed these islands as part of the township of Toucheng in Yilan County , Taiwan since 1970/71 .

Names and locations of the individual islands

Map with the Diaoyu / Senkaku Islands, numbered

f1Georeferencing Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap

# Aerial view Surname Area [km²] Coordinates Remarks
Japan Republic of China People's Republic of China Japan
Rep. Ch.
1 Uotsuri-shima 魚 釣 島 , Uotsuri-shima
dt. "Fishing island" 		釣魚臺 , Diàoyútái 釣魚島 , Diàoyú Dǎo 3.81
4.3838 		25 ° 44 ′ 39 "  N , 123 ° 28 ′ 21"  E 3.5 km east-west extension, approx. 2 km north-south extension,
highest point: 362 m
2 Taishō-tō 大 正 島 , Taishō-tō 赤 尾 嶼 , Chìwěi Yǔ 赤 尾 嶼 , Chìwěi Yǔ 0.06
0.0609 		25 ° 55 '20 "  N , 124 ° 33' 28"  E old Japanese / Ryūkyū name: 赤 尾 嶼 , Sekibisho
3 Cuba shima 久 場 島 , Kuba-shima 黃 尾 嶼 , Huángwěi Yǔ 黃 尾 嶼 , Huángwěi Yǔ 0.91
0.9091 		25 ° 55 '26 "  N , 123 ° 40' 55"  E old Japanese / Ryūkyū name: 黃 尾 嶼 , Kōbisho
4th Kita and Minami Kojima 北 小島 , Kita-Kojima
"northern small island" 		北 小島 , Běixiǎo Dǎo 北 小島 , Běixiǎo Dǎo 0.31
0.3267 		25 ° 43 '47 "  N , 123 ° 32' 29"  E
5 南 小島 , Minami-Kojima
"southern small island" 		南 小島 , Nánxiǎo Dǎo 南 小島 , Nánxiǎo Dǎo 0.40
0.4592 		25 ° 43 '24 "  N , 123 ° 33' 0"  E
6th Oki-no-Kitaiwa 沖 ノ 北 岩 , Oki-no-Kitaiwa
"remote northern rock" 		沖 北 岩 , Chōngběiyán 北 嶼 , Běi Yǔ 0.05
0.0183 		25 ° 46 '48 "  N , 123 ° 32' 32"  E Rock reef
7th Oki-no-Minamiiwa 沖 ノ 南岩 , Oki-no-Minamiiwa
"remote southern rock" 		沖 南岩 , Chōngnányán 南 嶼 , Nán Yǔ 0.01
0.0048 		25 ° 45 ′ 18 "  N , 123 ° 34 ′ 2"  E Rock reef
8th Tobise (bottom right) 飛 瀨 , Tobise 飛 瀨 , Fēilài 飛 嶼 , Fēi Yǔ 0.01
0.0008 		25 ° 44 ′ 8 "  N , 123 ° 30 ′ 22"  E Rock reef

history

Chinese provinces of Fujian and Guangdong (red), Taiwan (yellow) and Yaeyama Islands (orange) in Hayashi Shihei's Japanese map series Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu (1786). The Senkaku Islands are in the middle in red.

The two governments of China claim that the first written documentation of this archipelago was made in 1372 by Chinese sailors (at the time of the Ming Dynasty ). From 1534, the islands were repeatedly represented as part of the Chinese Empire , including integration into the Chinese coastal defense system and the award of parts of the archipelago by the empress to an herbalist.

One of the earliest mentions of the islands from the Japanese side can be found in Hayashi Shihei's map series Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu from 1786, where they are drawn in the color of the Chinese mainland as a waypoint on a sea route between China and Okinawa . When the governor of the Okinawa Prefecture, now part of Japan , demanded the incorporation of the Senkaku Islands in 1885, Foreign Minister Inoue Kaoru recommended in a letter to the Ministry of the Interior not to take this step, as rumors circulated in Chinese newspapers that Japan was in the process of adding Chinese islands to the Close to occupy Taiwan. In order not to arouse further suspicion, the islands should only be explored. Interior Minister Yamagata Aritomo therefore rejected the application for inclusion. During the subsequent investigation of the islands, they are said to have been found uninhabited and without any traces of Chinese development.

Japanese fish factory on Uotsuri-shima, around 1910
Aerial view of Uotsuri-shima (left), as well as Kita-Kojima and Minami-Kojima (right)

Japan decided on January 14, 1895, shortly before the defeat of China in the First Sino-Japanese War , to set up territorial stamps on the islands and to declare them to be Japanese territory. They were initially incorporated into Yaeyama County and administered by Ishigaki City from 1896 . At the end of the 1890s, the Japanese entrepreneur Tatsushirō Koga bought the islands of Uotsuri-shima, Kuba-shima, Kita- and Minami-Kojima and set up factories there for processing bonitos and albatross feathers. In 1932 this passed to his son Zenji Koga ( 古 賀 善 次 ; also read Yoshitsugu). Operations ceased in 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War .

After Japan surrendered in World War II , Japan had to cede Taiwan to the Republic of China in the San Francisco Peace Treaty , while in Article 3 of the treaty all Nansei Islands south of the 29th parallel, including the Ryūkyū Islands and Senkaku Islands, were under US American military administration . Neither the Republic of China nor the People's Republic of China were among the signatories to the treaty. Because the People's Republic of China was not involved in the negotiations, they immediately protested. Beijing bases its claim to the islands on the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), on the Cairo Declaration (1943):

“[…] It is their purpose that Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the first World War in 1914, and that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China. Japan will also be expelled from all other territories which she has taken by violence and greed. "

"[...] It is their [= USA, Republic of China, UK] intention that Japan should deprive Japan of all islands in the Pacific that it has seized or occupied since the beginning of World War I, and that all of the territories that Japan has stolen from China, like Manchuria , Formosa and the Pescadors , are to be returned to the Republic of China. Japan will also be released from all other territories acquired through violence and greed. "

and back to the Potsdam Declaration (1945):

"(8) The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out and Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine."

"(8) The conditions of the Cairo Declaration should be implemented and Japanese sovereignty limited to the islands of Honshu , Hokkaidō , Kyushu , Shikoku and small islands yet to be determined by us [= USA, Republic of China, UK]."

Development since the Second World War

The islands remained calm during the 1950s and 1960s. In the years 1968/69, possible larger oil and gas reserves were discovered around the islands.

After the USA announced in 1970 that it wanted to return the Diaoyu / Senkaku Islands together with the Ryūkyū Islands to Japan and thus did not regard the islands as Chinese territories, both Taiwan and the People's Republic of China formally reported claims to the islands in 1970/71 on. After the Okinawa Reversion Treaty was signed on June 17, 1971 - which also included the Senkaku Islands - the islands were finally returned to Japan on May 15, 1972 by the USA. Until 1978, however, the US Navy still used the islands of Kuba-shima and Taishō-tō for combat exercises. In 1978 Zenji Koga died and his widow Hanako sold Uotsuri-shima, Kita- and Minami-Kojima to Kunioki Kurihara ( 栗 原 國 起 ) and Kuba-shima to his sister, both from Saitama . Japan, in turn, leased the islands from Kurihara.

In 1990, a group of nationalist students erected a lighthouse on one of the islands and hoisted the Japanese flag, again creating a diplomatic crisis.

From 1995/96 the People's Republic of China began its first deep drilling in search of crude oil with drilling ships near the islands. In 1996, both Japan and China declared the islands their exclusive economic zones . On July 14, 1996, the ultra-nationalist ( Uyoku ) Nihon Seinensha built another lighthouse on Kita-Kojima. This was destroyed by a storm a short time later and rebuilt on September 9, 1996. Furthermore, Chinese fishing boats have been seized by the Japanese navy and coast guard several times.

Development since 2000

On September 7, 2010, a fishing boat from the People's Republic of China rammed two Japanese Coast Guard ships once each, at least once deliberately. The captain of the fishing boat was then arrested by the coast guard. When Japan refused to release the Chinese sailor home, China broke off bilateral contacts with Japan at the central and provincial government levels. In addition, China stopped the export of important metals for the high-tech sector for two months, ordered its domestic travel companies to stop promoting or promoting travel to Japan, and arrested four Japanese people in a restricted area.

The arrests were viewed as an act of revenge by the Japanese. Because of this incident, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton assured Japanese Foreign Minister Seiji Maehara on September 23, 2010 that the islands were covered by the US-Japanese security pact . Even Robert Gates (Secretary of Defense from December 2006 to July 2011) said that Washington would "fulfill alliance commitments" his; in the event of a military conflict with China, the US would come to the aid of Japan. On September 25, 2010, the Japanese prosecutor released the Chinese captain. The first three Japanese were released on bail on September 30 and the fourth on October 8.

In April 2012, the nationalist governor of Tokyo , Shintarō Ishihara , announced that the prefecture wanted to purchase three islands from Kunioki Kurihara in order to prevent the acquisition of property titles by citizens of one of the two China's or by one of the two states themselves. On July 11, 2012, the Japanese government accused China of using patrol boats to enter Japanese waters. On August 15, 2012, the Japanese Coast Guard arrested several Hong Kong activists who had entered one of the islands and released them after 7 days. On August 19, 2012 around 150 nationalist Japanese activists (including the Gambare Nippon group) and also Eiji Kosaka, a member of the local parliament in Arakawa , drove 20 boats from the southern Japanese island of Ishigaki to the Senkaku Islands and built a small one on Uotsuri Lighthouse and hoisted the Japanese flag. Their goal was to reaffirm Japan's territorial claim to the uninhabited archipelago. The Japanese Coast Guard did not step in and refrained from making arrests.

On September 11, 2012, the Japanese government announced that it had reached an agreement with the private owners to buy the previously leased islands for 2 billion yen (19.6 million euros). They wanted to take over the islands as soon as possible and control them "in a peaceful and stable way" that was not seen as guaranteed by a purchase by the Tokyo Prefectural Government. The Chinese government responded with sharp protests; The Chinese Foreign Ministry described this step by Japan as a "serious violation of Chinese sovereignty". Violent protests erupted in the People's Republic of China, causing several Japanese companies to temporarily close their plants and branches there, including Canon , Panasonic , Honda , Mazda , Nissan , Fast Retailing , Seven & I Holdings and Æon .

Since then, the People's Republic of China has been sending patrol ships, weather buoys and warships for observation. Observers see this as a strategy of the People's Republic to drive the outnumbered units of the Japanese Navy and Coast Guard "to the brink of exhaustion and their capacities". This could help China to gain permanent control and surveillance over the disputed area without Japan being able to take effective countermeasures, as a result of which, under international law, China could gradually be regarded as the rightful sovereign over the territory. According to the Japanese Coast Guard, it is the largest number of Chinese ships to date. Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda then announced that he would take "all possible measures" to ensure the safety of the Senkaku Islands.

On September 17, 2012, then US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta met in Tokyo for talks with Japanese Defense Minister Satoshi Morimoto and Foreign Minister Kōichirō Gemba and traveled on to Beijing on September 19 for talks with Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping and Defense Minister Liang Guanglie .

On September 25, 2012, 60 boats from Taiwan were near the Senkaku Islands and some of them penetrated the exclusion zone, according to the Taiwanese Coast Guard. The head of the Japanese cabinet secretariat, Osamu Fujimura , said Taiwan had been warned not to violate Japan's sovereign territory. After being shot at by water cannons, the boats withdrew.

On October 19, 2012, according to the official Chinese news agency Xinhua, eleven ships, eight aircraft and several helicopters were in action off the islands during a naval maneuver.

Because of the conflict over the Senkaku Islands, but also because of the territorial conflicts around the Paracel Islands and Spratly Islands in the South China Sea, the United States sent on October 20, 2012 the aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN-73) before the Vietnamese coast.

On January 30, 2013, a Chinese Navy frigate targeted a Japanese ship with its fire control radar . The ship was apparently an escort boat for a larger cargo transporter that had self-defense equipment on board. After the incident, Japan called in the Chinese ambassador. In August 2013, the Chinese ambassador was summoned again, with Japan protesting the presence of four Chinese ships in the waters around the islands. China rejected the protests. The launch of the Japanese helicopter carrier Izumo in August 2013 could contribute to exacerbating the conflict.

After several Chinese coast guard ships were sighted in the islands' waters at the end of December 2013, the Japanese government submitted a protest note to the Chinese ambassador in Tokyo.

At the annual meeting of the Chinese National People's Congress in Beijing in March 2014, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi declared that his country was not prepared to compromise on the territorial conflict with Japan. He affirmed China's will to defend "every inch" of its territory. "There is no room for compromise on both fundamental questions, history and territory," emphasized the Foreign Minister. It is not China's intention to put pressure on small countries, Wang Yi said, but his country "will never accept inappropriate demands from small countries."

Air Defense Identification Zone

Reclaimed Chinese Air Defense Identification Zone

On November 23, 2013, China announced the establishment of an Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), which included the airspace of the Senkaku Islands, but also that of the Socotra Rock , which is in dispute with South Korea . Every overflight must now be registered in China. Before that, the islands had been part of the Japanese Air Defense Identification Zone, administered first by the US occupation authorities and then by Japan, since 1945.

In an official statement by US Secretary of State John Kerry , he spoke of an attempt by China to change the status quo in the East China Sea. Doing so would only add to heightened tension with the risk of a serious incident. It must continue to be guaranteed that aircraft that do not enter Chinese airspace can pass through the air traffic control zone unhindered, just as the USA does not apply its ADIZ measures to aircraft (civil and military) of other countries if they only use the US ADIZ traverse.

On November 25, 2013, two unarmed B-52 bombers launched from the American base in Guam flew through ADIZ without informing the Chinese government beforehand. Later machines of the Japanese and South Korean armed forces also flew through the Chinese ADIZ. In response, China announced on November 28, 2013 that it would send combat aircraft to the ADIZ.

A day later, a spokesman for the Chinese Air Force announced that Chinese fighter jets within ADIZ had tracked several foreign military aircraft in order to identify them. The Chinese Foreign Ministry said the Chinese Air Force had been placed on "high alert" to "counter any threat". At the same time, the Chinese state media threatened a cold war in the region and announced that their country was ready to “engage in a long confrontation with Japan”. The Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said his country would react "calmly and steadfastly".

In the run-up to a visit by American Vice-President Joe Biden to Beijing on December 4, 2013, the Chinese leadership tightened its tone in the island dispute and threatened military enforcement of the ADIZ it had set up.

After China failed to comply with South Korean demands to adapt its ADIZ, South Korea also expanded its own ADIZ over the Socotra rock claimed by China.

After rumors that China was planning a new Air Defense Identification Zone in the South China Sea, US Secretary of State John Kerry urged the leadership to be more restrained during a visit to China in February 2014.

Discussion about a name change

In June 2018, the Ishigaki City Council passed a resolution calling for the administrative area to which the islands belong to be renamed. So far, the islands were part of the Tonoshiro administrative area, which also included the city center of Ishigaki. After the name change decided by the Ishigaki City Council in June 2020, the Senkaku Islands should in future be administratively referred to as Tonoshiro Senkaku . Protest rose in both the Republic of China in Taiwan and the People's Republic of China. For its part, the Taiwanese district of Yilan decided on June 11, 2020 to officially rename the islands to Toucheng Diaoyutai (頭 城 釣魚台).

See also

literature

  • Seokwoo Lee: Territorial Disputes among Japan, China And Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku Islands . In: Shelagh Furness, Clive Schofield (Eds.): Boundary & Territory Briefing . Volume 3, No. 7 , 2002 ( online [PDF]). ISBN 1-897643-50-5

Web links

Commons : Senkaku Islands  - collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b 民政部 國家 海洋局 受權 公佈 我國 釣魚島 及其 部分 附屬 島嶼 標準 名稱. Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China, archived from the original on May 27, 2012 ; Retrieved September 18, 2012 (Chinese).
  2. ↑ a b c 釣魚臺 列 嶼 簡介. Maritime Information Service Center, Department of Land Administration, archived from the original June 14, 2012 ; Retrieved September 18, 2012 (Chinese).
  3. ↑ 日中 関係 (尖 閣 諸島 を め ぐ る 情勢) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) , accessed January 2, 2013 (Japanese).
  4. ↑ 指定 離島 ・ 指定 離島 一 覧 . (PDF) In: 離島 関係 資料 (平 成 28 年 1 月) . 沖 縄 県 企 畫 部 地域 ・ 離島 課 ("Land and Islands Unit, Planning Department, Okinawa Prefecture"), January 2016, p. 1 , accessed on 4 August 2016 (Japanese). ("Department for Land and Islands, Planning Department, Okinawa Prefecture") | pages = 8 | date = 2012-01 | language = yes | access = 2012-12-12 | comment = The source mentions a 9th island ( here explicitly ) called 沖 ノ 北 岩 北 , d. H. "North Oki-no-Kitaiwa" with an area of ​​0.02 km².
  5. ↑ a b Akihiko Tanaka: 尖 閣 列島 に 関 す る 琉球 立法院 決議 お よ び 琉球 政府 聲明 . In: デ ー タ ベ ー ス 『世界 と 日本』 . University of Tokyo, accessed September 18, 2012 (Japanese).
  6. ↑ Lee: Territorial Disputes among Japan, China And Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku Islands . P. 12/13.
  7. ↑ a b Q&A on the Senkaku Islands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan , accessed November 26, 2013 .
  8. ↑ Lee: Territorial Disputes among Japan, China And Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku Islands . P. 10.
  9. ↑ Lee: Territorial Disputes among Japan, China And Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku Islands . P. 11.
  10. ↑ Lee: Territorial Disputes among Japan, China And Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku Islands . P. 4.
  11. ↑ a b c Masami Itō: Owner OK with metro bid to buy disputed Senkaku Islands. In: The Japan Times Online. May 18, 2012, accessed September 18, 2012 .
  12. ^ A b Andreas Lorenz: Japan and China: Dispute over Senkaku Islands for decades unsolved. In: Spiegel Online. September 17, 2012, accessed September 18, 2012 .
  13. ↑ Lee: Territorial Disputes among Japan, China And Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku Islands . P. 5.
  14. ^ Cairo Communiqué
  15. ↑ Ingo Nentwig : When the facts disturb . In: Junge Welt from September 18, 2012 on AG Peace Research. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
  16. ^ Potsdam Declaration
  17. ↑ Lee: Territorial Disputes among Japan, China And Taiwan Concerning the Senkaku Islands . Pp. 6-8.
  18. ↑ Masami Ito, Mizuho Aoki: Senkaku collisions video leak riles China. In: The Japan Times Online. November 6, 2010, accessed March 4, 2014 .
  19. ↑ A captain, a few islands, and the national honor. In: sueddeutsche.de. September 21, 2010, archived from the original on September 11, 2012 ; accessed on August 4, 2016 .
  20. ↑ Japan: China stops export of important metals for high-tech sector. In: de.reuters.com. September 24, 2010, accessed September 24, 2010 .
  21. ^ WTO Orders China to Stop Export Taxes on Minerals. In: The New York Times . January 30, 2012, archived from the original on May 19, 2015 ; accessed on August 4, 2016 .
  22. ↑ Senkaku Islands, a controversial issue. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. September 23, 2010, accessed October 9, 2010 .
  23. ↑ China arrests four Japanese in a restricted area. In: spiegel.de. September 24, 2010, accessed September 24, 2010 .
  24. ↑ a b China frees last Fujita employee. In: The Japan Times Online . October 9, 2010, archived from the original on December 19, 2012 ; accessed on August 4, 2016 .
  25. ↑ Tokyo turns on. In: fr.de. September 21, 2010, accessed September 23, 2010 .
  26. ↑ Tokyo wants to buy Senkaku Islands in: FAZ of April 18, 2012, p. 5.
  27. ^ Metro government raising funds in quest to purchase Senkaku Islands. The Japan Times Online April 27, 2012, archived from the original August 4, 2012 ; accessed on August 4, 2016 .
  28. ↑ Japan accuses China of entering Japanese waters , ORF, July 11, 2012.
  29. ↑ Japan arrests Chinese island occupiers . Spiegel Online, August 15, 2012.
  30. ↑ Diaoyu activists back in Hong Kong . CRI (China Radio International) online, August 22, 2012.
  31. ↑ Japanese landed on the controversial Senkaku Islands , derStandard.at, August 19, 2012.
  32. ↑ Reuters : Japan is buying controversial islands . In: Frankfurter Rundschau , September 11, 2012, p. 9.
  33. ↑ Island dispute with Japan: China sends patrol boats. In: Focus Online. September 11, 2012, accessed September 14, 2012 .
  34. ↑ Japanese plants in China closed due to island dispute. In: Reuters . September 17, 2012, accessed September 17, 2012 .
  35. ^ Deutsche Welle: Inselstreitenden und Völkerrecht , author: Hans Spross, published on November 28, 2013, accessed on December 28, 2014.
  36. ↑ Asian island dispute: China sends patrol boats to Japanese islands ( Memento from December 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) at ftd.de, September 14, 2012 (accessed on September 14, 2012).
  37. ^ Panetta Arrives in China for Three-day Visit. In: Defense.gov. September 17, 2012, accessed August 4, 2016 .
  38. ↑ Taiwan joins the island dispute , Zeit Online, September 25, 2012.
  39. ↑ China sends warships to Senkaku / Diaoyu Islands for the first time ( memento from January 17, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), berlinerumschau.
  40. ↑ Washington sends aircraft carriers to the South China Sea , Hamburger Abendblatt, October 22, 2012.
  41. ^ According to a report by the BBC dated February 5, 2013.
  42. ↑ Provocation in the island dispute: China's navy targets Japanese ship , Spiegel Online, February 5, 2013.
  43. ^ Dispute over Senkaku Islands: China advances with ships , Focus Online from August 8, 2013.
  44. ↑ Japan submits a protest note to the Chinese embassy. Chinese Coast Guard cruises off Senkaku Islands. n-tv.de, December 29, 2013, accessed on January 2, 2014 .
  45. ↑ Beijing in the island dispute uncompromising against Japan. dw.de, March 8, 2014, accessed on March 14, 2014 .
  46. ↑ Island dispute goes up in the air ( Memento from November 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (Tagesschau link with map)
  47. ^ Statement by the Government of the People's Republic of China on Establishing the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone. Ministry of Defense of the People's Republic of China, November 23, 2013, archived from the original on November 27, 2013 ; accessed on August 4, 2016 .
  48. ↑ Shih Hsiu-chuan: Japan extends ADIZ into Taiwan space. In: Taipei Times. June 26, 2010, accessed November 25, 2013 .
  49. ^ Secretary Kerry: Statement on the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone Statement on the East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone. US Department of State, November 23, 2013; archived from the original on December 1, 2013 ; accessed on November 29, 2013 (English).
  50. ↑ US B-52 bombers snub China air defense zone, fly over disputed islands. RT News, November 26, 2013, accessed November 29, 2013 .
  51. ↑ Dispute over air surveillance: Japanese air force flies into China's new military zone. spiegel.de, accessed on November 28, 2013 .
  52. ↑ China sends warplanes to newly declared air zone. BBC News, November 28, 2013, accessed November 28, 2013 .
  53. ↑ Chinese jets track foreign planes. welt.de, November 29, 2013, accessed on December 3, 2013 .
  54. ↑ a b Chinese Air Force takes it seriously. Tracked US and Japanese planes. n-tv.de, November 29, 2013, accessed on December 3, 2013 .
  55. ↑ Island dispute: China threatens Japan with a cold war. spiegel.de, November 29, 2013, accessed December 3, 2013 .
  56. ^ Island dispute in East Asia: China provokes the start of Biden's visit. spiegel.de, December 4, 2013, accessed December 4, 2013 .
  57. ↑ South Korea expands its own air defense zone. Response to China. n24.de, December 8, 2013, accessed December 16, 2013 .
  58. ^ Beijing preparing new air defense zone in South China Sea. asahi.com, January 31, 2014, archived from the original on March 30, 2016 ; accessed on August 4, 2016 .
  59. ↑ Confident China during Kerry's visit. US East Asia Policy. nzz.ch, February 14, 2014, accessed on March 14, 2014 .
  60. ↑ US Secretary of State urges China to less confrontation. zeit.de, February 14, 2014, archived from the original on March 15, 2014 ; accessed on March 14, 2014 .
  61. ↑ Shohei Okada: Ishigaki to pitch changing area designation of Senkaku isles. Asahi Shimbun, June 7, 2020, accessed June 20, 2020 .
  62. ^ Matthew Strong: E. Taiwan county council passes name change for Diaoyutai Islands. Japan's Ishigaki City schedules name change vote for June 22, Yilan County retaliates with own renaming. Taiwan News, June 11, 2020, accessed June 20, 2020 .