Alter Hof (Munich)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Munich, Alter Hof, late Gothic gate tower and bay window (around 1480)

The Alte Hof (formerly also Alte Veste ) was built as a ducal city castle in the late 12th century in Munich's old town . From around 1255 it became the residence of the dukes of Upper Bavaria , and later of Bavaria as a whole. It also served Ludwig the Bavarian as an imperial residence. The building complex in the old town consists of the components Burgstock, Zwingerstock, Lorenzistock, Pfisterstock and Brunnenstock. An archway on the north side connects the old courtyard with the old mint , which once served the ducal art chamber and the royal stables . Until it was demolished, the Lorenz chapel (also known as the Altenhof church ) was located on the north side as a castle chapel .

history

Donor relief of the Lorenz Chapel from 1324, King (Emperor) Ludwig IV and his wife Margarethe of Holland
Cellar vault from around 1480 in the Kaiserburg Museum (eastern castle floor)
Reconstruction of the old courtyard with the Lorenz chapel in the state around 1570 according to Steinlein

Excavation finds show that there was already a castle at the current location in the late 12th century. The complex was surrounded by a brick wall about 1.80 meters thick behind a circumferential ditch and probably had several wooden, single-storey post structures about 4 meters wide. The entrance was probably on the west side.

The old court was the residence of the Wittelsbach family from the 13th to the 15th century . After the first division of the country in 1255, the Alte Hof was first used more intensively by Duke Ludwig II . At that time, the complex was presumably given the south access that still exists today, supplementing the older one on the west side and later replacing it. A gate from around 1255 was excavated under today's southern gate tower.

Ludwig the Bavarian , who took over the succession in 1294, was the first Wittelsbacher to take the Roman-German royal throne in 1314. In 1328 he was crowned emperor by the Roman people and did not return to Bavaria from Italy until 1330. As the first emperor, he chose a permanent residence, the Old Court.

The first stone residential buildings can be found around 1300. At that time, the residential building was built in the south-east corner of the Mauergeviert (eastern castle stock), which still exists today with later additions (vaults from the second half of the 15th century). Likewise, a little later, the Lorenz chapel on the north wall was replaced by a new, spacious church around 1324 (inscription). The imperial regalia were kept here until 1350. In 1327 the Herzogsburg was also affected by the fire in Munich . In 1364 four stone houses are mentioned in the castle.

In the second half of the 15th century, the Alte Hof was extensively expanded as a princely residence, especially under Duke Siegmund . Large, partially preserved roof structures were built over the Zwingerstock on the west side and the polygonal bay window on the western Burgstock on the south side. Inside, around 1465, an important picture cycle of Wittelsbach ancestors was attached as a monumental mural (today partly in the Bavarian National Museum). When Duke Siegmund lived in the Old Court at the end of the 15th century and had other structural changes made, including painting the inner courtyard with diamond patterns, there was already a second residence, the New Veste . Emperor Ludwig's grandson Johann II had this built from 1385 onwards, and it stood where the pharmacy courtyard of the residence is today. However, it was not until Duke Wilhelm IV. Finally moved the princely seat to the Neuveste in the first half of the 16th century.

In the further course of the story, the Alte Hof was the seat of the rent office and various tax authorities. The Pfisterstock was built in 1591/92 with decorative gables typical of the Renaissance and is attributed to Wilhelm Egkl . In the first half of the 17th century, a component for the brewhouse and brewery was built, known as the fountain stick since the late 18th century. This was then replaced by Georg Friedrich Ziebland in 1831/32 with a new building for the tax cadastre commission on the old foundations. The Lorenz chapel was closed in 1806 and demolished in 1816. The gate tower was also dismantled at that time but rebuilt later. Instead of the church, the classically structured Lorenzistock was built along the court ditch in 1816/19. The still existing fountain in the center of the courtyard is also early classicistic (1785).

During the Second World War the facility was partially destroyed and after 1950 it was rebuilt on the north and east side using simple means. The western wing still has the old roofs and numerous historical details.

Redevelopment and tourism

→ Main article: Munich Imperial Castle

Outside of the old courtyard

Meanwhile, the two were historic preservation of Burgenstock and Zwingerstock - - particularly valuable buildings of the Old Court by the Free State of Bavaria rehabilitated. On the castle stock is the Gothic bay window, where, according to legend, a monkey from the ducal menagerie kidnapped little Ludwig the Bavarian and only brought it back to the castle after being persuaded and which is therefore popularly known as the monkey tower. The state office for non-state museums in Bavaria , the Infopoint Museums and Palaces in Bavaria and, since May 2007, the exhibition Munich Imperial Castle are housed in the Burgstock . The exhibition in the Gothic cellar, dated around 1300 (the vault was added later in the second half of the 15th century), is accessible via the info point and is open on weekdays and Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. with free admission. For the renovation, the Alte Hof received the Facade Prize of the City of Munich in 2004 .

The donor plaque from 1324, formerly attached to the north side of the nave of the Lorenz Chapel, a relief depicting Emperor Ludwig and his second wife Margarete of Holland and in the center the enthroned Mother of God with the child, as well as one erected after 1460 for someone in the Old Court The fresco that was created in the ancestral hall and depicts the ancestors of the Wittelsbach dukes with coats of arms is now in the Bavarian National Museum .

New buildings

The building sections Lorenzistock, Pfisterstock and Brunnenstock were built in 2001 by a private investor. Brunnenstock and Pfisterstock (Alter Hof 5 and 6) were demolished again and rebuilt according to plans by the architects Auer + Weber + Assoziierte ; the Lorenzi stick was rebuilt according to the designs of Professor Peter Kulka . The extent to which the granting of building rights to private investors for a structure of this importance makes sense was a matter of heated public debate. The completed buildings are also perceived as very controversial by the public. The new buildings received the City of Munich Prize for Cityscape Maintenance in 2008 .

Mail order company Manufactum operates its Munich department store in the western part of the building on Dienerstraße . The Franconian wine bar Lump, Stein & Küchenmeister (named after the famous Bavarian vineyards) is also located there. In the eastern part of the building on Sparkassenstraße there has been a post office since 2006 as a replacement for the former main post office on Residenzstraße .

literature

  • Andreas M.Dahlem: The Wittelsbach Court in Munich. History and Authority in the Visual Arts (1460-1508). PhD thesis , University of Glasgow 2009, here. Pp. 187 - 189 & 194 - 196 full text online .
  • Enno Burmeister : The historical development of the old court in Munich . Munich 1999.
  • Alois Schmid : The old court in Munich, the starting point for the formation of a residence in the Duchy of Bavaria. In: Bavarian History Leaflets 65 (2000), pp. 265-278.
  • Christian Behrer: The underground Munich . City core archeology in the Bavarian capital. Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-934036-40-6 , chap. 4.1: The Herzogsburg, p. 27-60 .
  • Karl Schniering: Building history studies in the old courtyard in Munich n. In: Monument preservation information. Edition B 121 (2002), pp. 12-14.
  • Egon J. Greipl: The old court in Munich. Historical and monumental importance . In: Kurt Faltlhauser (ed.): 750 years old court Munich. Festschrift on the occasion of the completion of the restoration work in Burg- and Zwingerstock, Munich 2003, pp. 13–30.
  • Michael Menzel: Ludwig the Bavarian and the old court . In: Alois Schmid / Katharina Weigand (eds.): Schauplätze der Geschichte in Bayern, Munich 2003, pp. 134–148.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Behrer 2001, p. 37 (second construction phase).
  2. ↑ Behrer 2001, p. 41 (third construction phase).
  3. ↑ Behrer 2001, p. 42 (fourth construction phase).
  4. ↑ Behrer 2001, p. 29.
  5. ^ Andreas M. Dahlem: The Wittelsbach Court in Munich. History and Authority in the Visual Arts (1460-1508) . PhD thesis, University of Glasgow 2009, pp. 133–144 PDF full text . Peter Schmidt: Successes of rulers in the concert of the media. Genealogy as a new task for vernacular manuscripts in the 15th century. In: Under pressure. Central European illumination in the 15th century. Proceedings of the international colloquium in Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 13.1. – 17.1.2016. Petersberg 2018, pp. 246–261, here p. 253.

Web links

Commons : Alter Hof  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 48 ° 8 ′ 17 ″  N , 11 ° 34 ′ 41 ″  E