Anglo-Romani

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Anglo-Romani

Spoken in

United KingdomUnited Kingdom United Kingdom , Australia , United States , South AfricaAustraliaAustralia United StatesUnited States South AfricaSouth Africa 
speaker 195,000
Linguistic
classification
Language codes
ISO 639 -2

-

ISO 639-3

rme

Anglo-Romani (literally "English Romani") or Anglo-Romany (own name: Romanichal) is a language that combines aspects of English with those of Romani .

'Anglo-Romani' is a term used to describe the use of words of Romani origin in an English conversation. Romani was spoken in England until the late 19th century; maybe a generation longer in Wales . It has been replaced with English as the everyday and family language of British Romani, but that doesn't mean the language has completely disappeared. Words of Romani origin were still used as part of a family language. Words that are occasionally inserted into conversations in English are referred to as ' para-Romani ' in the linguistic literature on Romani : the selective retention of some Romani-derived vocabulary follows the disappearance of Romani as an everyday conversational language.

Anglo-Romani is therefore more of a vocabulary than a 'language' in the narrower sense. It is used in the context of English conversation, English sentences, and English grammar, and pronunciation, such as:

The mush was jalling down the drom with his gry . Means: 'The man went down the street with his horse.'

The Edinburgh slang also contains a large number from the Romani derived words. Some words like pal (originally 'brother') have entered common English usage.

Historical documentation of the Anglo-Romani

Until recently, Anglo-Romani received very little academic attention. However, the recent discovery of a document (Winchester confessions) from the 17th century suggests that British Romani itself is (only) a dialect of the northern branch of Romani that has a close resemblance to Welsh Romani . Be that as it may, the language has deteriorated in the modern context due to the Indian-based vocabulary, morphology and influences from Greek and other Balkan languages ​​of the 17th century to a Para-Romani dialect typical of modern Anglo-Romani with sentence endings through English, while Welsh Romani (Welsh Romani) retains the original grammatical system.

Historically, the Welsh and English variants of Romani formed a variant of Romani, have common characteristics and are historically closely related to dialects in France, Germany (Sinti), Scandinavia, Spain, Poland, northern Russia and the Baltic states. These dialects were derived from the first wave of Romani immigrants to western, northern and southern Europe in the late Middle Ages. Since only a few documents survive to this day, the (Winchester confessions) around 1616 AD emphasize the variants of English Romani and contain a large number of words that are still used in the modern northern European Romani dialects and until recently in the Welsh Romani.

Examples:

Balovas (pig meat bacon) Lovina (beer, alcohol) ruk (tree) Smentena (cream) Boba (beans) Folaso (glove)

All such words appear in all Western Romani dialects with only a few English loanwords.

Nevertheless, the Winchester confessions, which shed light on the grammatical structures of English, influenced speakers of Anglo-Romani (within a London context where the document is located) to be more of an (adjective-noun) configuration than a (noun-adjective) configuration of the other Romani dialects, including modern Welsh Romani. The document suggests a complete separation between Thieves' Cant and the Anglo-Romani variant of the period. This leads to a particular implication in the dating and development of Anglo-Romani and the secession of Welsh Romani. One related study believes that Anglo-Romani speakers gradually lost their distinctive syntax, phonology, and morphology, while other leading contemporaries believe that Anglo-Romani evolved relatively soon after the Romani communities arrived in the 16th century, similarly like the pidgin or creol languages

Anglo-Romani was developing as early as the 17th century, although this change from the original English Romani was unclear. The (Winchester Confessions) refute a sudden morphological change. and tends towards a strict linguistic separation between a rogue language (Cant) and Anglo-Romani, whose speakers used a separate and distinct Romani language when they spoke to one another. This situation existed a hundred years later, as James Poulter testifies in 1775, because “the English Gypsies spoke a variant of their own language that none other could understand” (German: the English Gypsies spoke a variant of their own language that no one else could understand) which indicates that the language was different from the usual "canting tongue" of England. The Romani of that time was a language for everyday communication, daily practice and not a secret language.

The original Romani was used solely as a family or clan language during occasional meetings between different Romani clans. It was not a written language, rather a common language (It was not a written language, but more “conversational language”) that was used by families to make conversations between themselves in public (e.g. in markets) incomprehensible to others . It was not used in any school administration or administration and there were no names for it. Such expressions were simply borrowed from English. Even so, Romani speakers coined new terms to make the language incomprehensible to outsiders that were a combination or variation of the original English expression. For example, a 'forester' is called veshengro , from the Romani word vesh for 'forest'; a 'restaurant' is a habbinkerr from the words habbin 'food' and kerr 'house', literally 'food house'; and a 'mayor' is a gavmoosh , from the words gav 'village, city' and moosh 'man', literally 'city man'. Gradually, British Romani began to abandon its language in favor of English, although a large number of the vocabulary that is now occasionally used in conversations in English has been retained - as Anglo-Romani.

Its roots are in India and the core of the vocabulary and grammar still resembles modern Indian languages like Urdu , Kashmiri or Punjabi . Linguists have studied the dialects of Romani since the second half of the 18th century and, although there are no written documents of the language, it has been possible to reconstruct the development of Romani from the medieval languages ​​of India to today's forms spoken in Europe. Although the language remains essentially similar, it is sometimes quite difficult for Romani people from different regions to understand each other if they have not been exposed to any other dialects before.

Entanglement ("intertwining")

Anglo-Romani is a mixed language with the basic languages Romani and English (sometimes referred to as Para-Romani in Romani linguistics).

Some English lexical terms that are either archaic or that only survived in idiomatic expressions in standard English in Anglo-Romani, e.g. B. moniker (German: name, nickname) and swaddling (German: diapers, diaper).

Dialectal variation

There are four dialects within Anglo-Romani:

  • South Welsh and English Anglo-Romani

These dialects originated from where different groups originally settled when they came to the United Kingdom . The members of these groups consider not only their dialects to be different, but also their different ethnic groups. At the time of settlement, these subdivisions roughly reflected the geographical distribution. They did travel around, but their migration was relatively local until migration became fashionable.

“Go and ask your sister” would read in different dialects:

  • jaw te puches tire phenya
  • jaw ta puch tiripen
  • jaw and puch tiri pen
  • jal and puch tuti's pen

In broken Hindi , the equivalent would be

yes kar puch tere behn ko or

in Gujarati

yeah tu puch tari ben ne .

Phonology and syntax

Romani had a phonemic distinction for / r / - one with a flick of the tongue and a voiced uvular fricative , which have been lost in Anglo-Romani and replaced by a single rolled / r /. Anglo-Romani has also lost the phonemic distinction between aspirated and non-aspirated plosives. Overall, the Anglo-Romani consonants reflect the standard British English consonant system with the following exceptions:

  • Anglo-Romani includes the consonant / x / in some dialects.
  • Anglo-Romani is rhotic even in parts of the country that are non-rhotic.

Romani allows two word orders (sentence structure): SVO and VSO. Anglo-Romani only has the SVO word order.

In Romani, negation is caused by the word 'kek', i. e.

  • măndī can kek ker lĭs - “I can't do it”
  • there's kekə pani left in kŭvə kurī - “There is no more water in this bucket”

Note: 'Pani' also means 'water' in Hindi

The auxiliary verb “sein” can optionally be omitted:

  • tūte kūšta diken muš - “You (are) (a) handsome man”
  • tūte rinkna râne - "You (are) (a) pretty woman"

Reduplication is used for emphasis, as in:

  • dūvrī - "distant, far away"
  • dūvrī-dūvrī - "very / very far away"

morphology

Until 1547 Romani was a language with a fusional linguistic structure (English: "inflected language"), which uses two genders, plural and case endings. Anglo-Romani is first referred to in the years 1566–67. Around 1873, according to Leland , personal pronouns began to be marked inconsistently in Romani. Leland also notices that the case distinction began to disappear altogether and that the gender mark also disappeared. Borrow notes in 1874 that some Romani speakers still use full inflection while others use English syntax with Romani vocabulary. Around 1876 it seems that the gender distinction was no longer seen, but the plural forms of Romani were still used together with the English verb conjugation. In 1923, when one or the other plural with nouns was still used, only English prepositions were used instead of postpositions of Romani. The current usage has lost almost all Romani morphology and instead uses English morphology together with words (English: "lexical items") from Romani.

Examples of the Anglo-Romani

The Anglo-Romani Project, an initiative of the Romani community of Blackburn and the Lancashire Traveler Education Service (German: Bildungsdienst für Fahrendes Volk, Lancashire), is in possession of samples of conversations in Anglo-Romani as well as documentation aimed at has collected to show the vocabulary of Anglo-Romani and its regional and dialect variations.

Examples of conversations and their meaning can be found here: Samples of Anglo-Romani, Audio files ( Memento from May 5, 2007 in the Internet Archive )

Our Father sample text:

Moro Dad, so see adre mi Duvelesko keri, te wel teero kralisom, too zee be kedo adre chik, jaw see adre mi Duvelesko keri. Del mendi kova divvus moro divvusly mauro, ta fordel mendi moro wafedo-kerimus, pensa mendi fordels yon ta kairs wafedo aposh mendi, ta lel mendi kek adre wafedo-kerimus. Jaw keressa te righer mendi avri wafedo. Jaw see ta jaw see.

literature

  • Ordbok över svensk romani: Resandefolkets språk och sånger av Lenny Lindell (2008) "Lexim over swedish romani: The Romanipeople language and romani music (German: The language of the Romani people and Romani music), Lenny Lindell (2008)"
  • Thomas Acton: The Value of “Creolized” Dialects of Romanes (German: The value of “creolized” dialects of Romanes). In: International Symposium Romani Language and Culture. Sarajevo 1989
  • Thomas Acton and Gerwyn Davis: Educational Policy and Language Use Among English Romanies and Irish Travelers (Tinkers) in England and Wales (German : Education Policy and Language Use Among English Romani and Irish Travelers (Tinkers)). In: International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 19-22, 1979, pp. 91-110
  • Thomas Acton, Vangelis Marselos and Laszlo Szego: The Development of Literary Dialects of Romanes, and the Prospects for an International Standard Dialect. In: Thomas Acton and Morgan Dalphinis (Eds.): Language, Blacks, and Gypsies. Whiting and Birch, London 2000
  • George Borrow, George Henry Borrow: Romano Lavo-Lil. Hazell, Watson & Viney, London 1923
  • David Deterding: The formants of monophthong vowels in Standard Southern British English pronunciation. In: Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Volume 27, 1997, pp. 47-55
  • Ian Hancock: Duty and Beauty, Possession and Truth: The Claim of Lexical Impovershment as Control. In: Diane Tong (Ed.): Gypsies: A book of interdisciplinary readings. Garland Publishers, New York 1996
  • Charles Godfrey Leland: The English Gipsies and Their Language , Release Date: July 25, 2005 [eBook # 16358], Language: English; For download see web links

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thomas Acton and Donald Kenrick (eds.): Romani rokkeripen to-divvus. Romanestan, London 1984.
  2. ^ The Romani Project, Manchester ( Memento of February 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ BBC website 'Languages ​​of the UK', 2004.
  4. ↑ a b Kenrick. Donald. S. (1971) The sociolinguistics of the development of British Romani. In current changes of British Gypsies and their place in international patterns of development. Thomas Action, ed. (German: The sociolinguistics of the development of British Romani. In: The current change of British gypsies and their position in international development patterns. Thomas Action, ed.)
  5. ^ J. Sampson: The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales (German: The dialect of the Gypsies of Wales). Chlarendon Press, Oxford 1926.
  6. ^ Bakker: Review of McGowan, The Winchester Confessions. In: Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society. 5th Series, Volume 7, Issue 1, 1997, pp. 49-50.
  7. ^ J. Sampson: The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales. Chlarendon Press, Oxford 1926.
  8. ^ BC Smart and Crofton HT: The Dialect of the English Gypsies. Asher & Co., London 1875
  9. ^ Alan McGowan: The Winchester confessions 1615-1616. Romani and Traveler History Society, 1996
  10. ↑ a b Hancock. Ian. F. (1971). Comment on Kenrick. In Proceedings in the research and conference of policy the National Gypsy Council. Thomas action, ed. Oxford national Gypsy education council. (German: Commentary on Kenrick. In: Procedures in Research and Strategy Conference of the National Gypsy Council.)
  11. ↑ Baaker: An early vocabulary of British Romani (1616): a linguistic analysis. (German: An Early Vocabulary of British Romani (1616): A Linguistic Analysis). In: Romani studies. 5th vol 12, 2002.
  12. ↑ BBC website 'Languages ​​of the UK', 2004. ( Memento of July 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 76 kB)
  13. ↑ AngloRomani, The Mixed Language of Romani Peoples (German: The mixed language of the Romani peoples), Krislyn McWilliams, Manuela Nelson, & Meghan Oxley (PDF; 344 kB)