Arab hostility
The term Anti-Arabism (also anti-Arabism or Arabophobia ) designates one of prejudice or hostility embossed attitude towards Arabs . Anti-Arabism is often confused with hostility towards Muslims.
Types of anti-arabism
Christian anti-Arabism in Europe, America and Australia
A striking date of anti-Arabism in the western world is the Synod of Clermont in 1095, when Pope Urban II mobilized for a crusade against the Saracens , in which he attacked the Arabs in addition to the Turks . In Spain, the kingdom of Granada was the last Muslim state in al-Andalus to be targeted in the 15th century and was finally conquered in 1492 after it had been tributary to Castile since 1238 . The Moriscos , Moors ( Arabic-speaking Berbers ) who converted to Christianity , were expelled from Spain to North Africa by the Spanish Inquisition in 1610 . The Spanish word Moros 'dark-skinned' (see “Moors”), coined at the time, expressed the deep devaluation of the Arabs. 1830–1962 Algeria was occupied by France or was part of the French national territory. During this time, the non-white French (including Afro-Americans) were discriminated against by the racist Code de l'indigénat . The discrimination affected Arabs, Berbers and other colonial peoples in Africa alike. In 1961 there was the Paris massacre , which marked the shooting of around 200 peaceful Algerian demonstrators by the French police. The bloody mass demonstration was hushed up almost everywhere in the French media at the time and only became the subject of public discussion in France after a long time.
Arabs today complain of experienced anti-Arabism in Australia (e.g. during the Cronulla Riots ), Great Britain, the USA and the Czech Republic, with the exception of France .
Organizations working on behalf of discriminated Arabs exist in Great Britain and the United States .
Anti-Arabism outside of Europe, America and Australia
Arabs complain about racism above all in Israel, but also in Côte d'Ivoire and Niger .
Israel
Arab hostility is very high among religious Israelis. In a 1994 survey, 70% of religious teacher training students voted against equality between Arabs and Jews. This is partly due to the intersection of religious and colonial interests of the settlers.
In March 2012, hundreds of fans of the Beitar Jerusalem football club rioted through a mall. They shouted: "Death to the Arabs", spat at Arab women and attacked Arab shopkeepers. The entire incident was recorded by surveillance cameras - yet not a single rioter was arrested. "Nobody has filed a complaint," the Israeli police justified their inactive reluctance.
In 2015, the German-Jewish online magazine Hagalil stated that one was seeing in Israel
"[...] more and more anti-Arab graffiti on the house walls. Anti-civilizational side effects of the fear of the Israelis are anti-Arab slogans, rumors, slander and prejudices that have surfaced. Secretly cherished views about the Arabs themselves are now openly presented. Racist devaluation by Arabs applies on many street corners where Israelis are now discussing as opinion. [...] In Jerusalem, the racist Kahanists of the right-wing extremist Lehava , with anti-Islamist Beitar hooligans, are looking for Arabs in shops and stores. "
After his re-election in March 2015 , Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu apologized for anti-Arab statements during the election campaign under pressure from the USA.
Inner-Muslim anti-Arabism
Anti-Arab stereotypes in the Islamized areas were already known in the 7th century AD. The nation-state process from around the 19th century in countries with a non-Arab majority or Arabic as a minority language, such as Turkey, Albania or Iran, was accompanied by selective historiography. The modernization carried out in parallel was often articulated in an anti-Islamic way as a European import. Arabic, the language of the Prophet, the Koran and the Hadith has always represented an important aspect within the Islamic religion and has now been rejected as an expression of backwardness. The self-identification with the pre-Islamic period, for example with an imagined Turkishness for the purpose of establishing a unified state people in the Republic of Turkey or the reference to the empire of the Achaemenids - precisely because of the lack of continuity for nationalist projections - as a legitimation of the coup which came to power Pahlavi dynasty, also led to a rejection of Islam and Arabs in official state doctrine. Numerous intellectuals took over the anti-Islamic arguments of the colonial powers, which did not differentiate between Muslims and Arabs and explained the backwardness with Islam and the region of origin of the religion, and in doing so they sometimes fell back on prejudices from the past. Other prejudices such as that of the Arab traitor in Turkey stem from the First World War.
Zanzibar
In Zanzibar , the 1964 revolution of Zanzibar ended the centuries-old rule of the Arab minority over the island. In the course of the “socialist revolution” the “capitalists” among the Arabs were expropriated, some of the Arabs (the exact number is not known) were killed by the descendants of black African slaves because of their ethnic group .
Morocco
The Arabization in Morocco that went hand in hand with Islamization did not transform multi-ethnic North Africa. Important Islamic dynasties such as the Almohads and Merinids were Berbers. From Yemen coming Saadian and especially coming from Western Arabia Alawites equalized after the disintegration of the empire a unification of the country as self-assertion against the Portuguese, and later Ottoman expansion. They supported Abd al-Qadir's resistance against the French colonial power in Algeria in 1844 , but after the devastating defeat in the Battle of the Jsly they refrained from further support for dynastic reasons. In the Rif War 1921–1926, Abd el-Krim led the resistance in the Spanish-occupied part of Morocco. After the uprising also affected the French protectorate, the disempowered Sultan Mulai Yusuf kept a low profile, not least because the proclaimed Rif republic endangered dynastic rule.
After his return from exile, Sultan Mohammed V relied on the Arabization of the country. This was motivated by anti-colonialism, but now affected the population who spoke little or no Arabic. While retaining the French institutions, the Arabic language was to be enforced as the sole official and lingua franca, which meant that the Berbers were excluded from the new state. According to the French colonial policy, which the tribal and religious identity of the Moroccans through an ethnicizing dichotomy Arab vs. Berbers undermined in order to ultimately subjugate the country completely and distribute it to European settlers, and the national Arabization policy continued to deepen the colonial division. The colonialist caricature has been adopted many times. At the time of the Arabization policy, for example, the colonialist distinction between civilized Europeans and barbaric Arabs like Berbers was now continued in the history of the country as partially noble savages. Arab civilization was contrasted with Berber barbarism. The sacred nature of the Qur'an, written in Arabic script, was used as a pretext for national Arabization in order to eradicate Morocco's ethnic and cultural diversity. In return, this brought about a re-activation of pre-Islamic history among nationalist Berbers such as the selective observation of Berber dynasties, although it is undisputed that no Arab dynasty in Morocco ever surpassed the Berber Almohads in religious zeal. The result of the Arabization policy was the construction of the national identities of Arabs and Berbers, which went hand in hand with a marginalization of the latter and created a front position that only since the accession of Mohammed VI. and the withdrawal of the strict policy of Arabization is weakened.
Algeria
The Arabization of Algeria in the 11th century went hand in hand with the expulsion of the Kabyls into less agriculturally less productive areas, especially the mountainous regions. The worship of the ancestors, the special position of women, orality and subsistence farming were characteristic of the Kabyle communities. In the Middle Ages, the Berber dynasty of the Ciyanids was able to defend itself against the influence of Morocco and Tunisia with a clever alliance policy. In the 16th century, the immigration of the Moriscs expelled from Spain, the conquest of Algerian cities by the Spanish empire and the alliance of the Barbaresques with the Ottomans shaped the history of Algeria. The conquest of Algeria in 1830 represented a turning point, not least because of the dismantling of tribal cultures and a colonial policy pursued over the next few decades, which drove Muslims to inhospitable regions in sin and the French, as well as later Spaniards and Belgians, settled in order to increase production in the mother country. Like in Syria with the Assyrian Church, in Lebanon with the imaginary origin from Phenicia also in Algeria, France founded a myth according to which the Berbers would form a closed collective.
After decolonization, the FLN pursued a strict policy of Arabization in order to build nations, which in return provoked an anti-Arab, partly anti-Islamic Berber movement.
Representation in art
Several feature films and documentaries deal with the topic of anti-Arabism.
- Days of Glory deals with the situation of Arab soldiers in the French army during World War II.
- State of Emergency quasi-propheticallyanticipatedthe US reactions to the September 11, 2001 attacks in 1998.
- The documentary Reel Bad Arabs , based on the book Reel Bad Arabs , is devoted to the portrayal of Arabs in Hollywood films.
- The Italian film Africa Addio shows, among other things, the massacre of residents of Arab origin by Zanzibari nationalists.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ fordham.edu
- ↑ Agustín Echebarria-Echabe, Emilia Fernández Guede: A New Measure of Anti-Arab Prejudice: Reliability and Validity Evidence . In: Journal of Applied Social Psychology . 37, No. 5, May 2007, pp. 1077-1091. doi : 10.1111 / j.1559-1816.2007.00200.x .
- ↑ Michael Wolffsohn and Douglas Bokovoy: Israel. History, politics, society and economy . (= Basic knowledge of regional studies). 6th edition, Opladen 2003, p. 192.
- ^ Hundreds of Beitar Jerusalem fans beat up arab workers; no arrests . In: Haaretz . March 23, 2012
- ↑ Christoph Sydow: Assault in Jerusalem: Lynch attack on Arabs shocked Israel . spiegel.de . 20th August 2012
- ↑ Oliver Vrankovic: The fear in the neck . hagalil.com . November 8, 2015
- ↑ Netanyahu apologizes to Israel's Arabs . The world . March 23, 2015
- ↑ The final of the nuclear deal with Iran has begun . In: The world . March 24, 2015
- ↑ Mona Naggar: Turkey: The “Trojan Horse” of Europe? Turkey, the Middle East countries and the EU . In: Apostolos Katsikaris (ed.): Turkey Europe . Essen 2006, p. 95.
- ^ Frank R. Pfetsch (Ed.): Conflicts since 1945, Black Africa . S. 96-97 .
- ↑ Peter Grubbe: Blood on Carnation Island - Will Zanzibar become an “African Cuba”? In: Die Zeit , No. 4/1964