Spanish inquisition

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The Spanish Inquisition ( Spanish Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición ) was an institution set up with the approval of the Pope to combat heresy in Spain . It existed formally from 1478 - with interruptions at the beginning of the 19th century - until 1834.

The coat of arms of the Spanish Inquisition from 1571

Establishment of the first tribunals

On August 20, 1480, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand published the bull "Exigit sincerae devotionis affectus" of Pope Sixtus IV of November 1, 1478. In it, the Pope allowed the monarchs to name two or three inquisitors who were particularly interested in their work to take care of conversos who continued to maintain their Jewish ceremonies, rites, and customs. On September 17, 1480, the Dominicans Miguel de Morillo and Juan de San Martin were appointed as the first inquisitors of the Spanish Inquisition. The first Autodafé of the new Spanish Inquisition took place on February 6, 1481. By November 4, 1481, the two inquisitors in Seville sentenced 298 people to death at the stake and 79 people to life imprisonment. There were then a large number of complaints with Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand but also with Pope Sixtus IV. He criticized the inquisitors' approach, which was apparently not compatible with canon law . Sixtus IV did not change the judgments. On February 11, 1482, the Pope called eight Dominicans as inquisitors in Castile. In the period that followed, new tribunals were set up in other cities in the dominion of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon.

organization

The Inquisition Tribunal in an illustration by Francisco de Goya

Inquisitor General

At the head of the Spanish Inquisition was the Inquisitor General. (The terms General Inquisitor Inquisidor general and Grand Inquisitor Gran Inquisidor are used synonymously in Spanish literature .) He was proposed by the monarch and appointed by the Pope. Legally, the Inquisitor General was an agent of the Pope. He was formally commissioned by a papal letter to lead the Inquisition in the various domains. The Inquisitor General was chairman of the Suprema.

Suprema

The "Consejo de la Suprema y General Inquisición" (in German about: "High and General Council of the Inquisition"), called "Suprema" for short, was a state organ of the Crown of Castile or the Crown of Aragon, which is responsible for the organization and Administration of the Spanish Inquisition was entrusted. Similar council bodies, organized as collegial bodies, were created for other topics as part of the reorganization of the state administration in Castile. B. the Council of India ( Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias ). The task of the Suprema was to advise and support the Inquisitor General in the administration and organization of the Spanish Inquisition and to prepare decisions for the kings in this area.

Inquisition districts

The first inquisition districts were established on the Iberian Peninsula from 1482. In addition, there were later inquisition bases on the Canary Islands, which belonged to Castile, as well as the Balearic Islands, and Sardinia and Sicily, which belonged to the Crown of Aragon . Tribunals were also set up in the colonies, in Mexico , Lima and Cartagena . In the early years, the local tribunals traveled through their district and should have visited each location at least once a year. From 1570, one of the three inquisitors had to go on visit trips through the district for at least four months a year and deal with minor offenses directly. Serious cases were tried at the seat of the tribunal.

Composition of the courts

The composition of the courts and the tasks of the individual participants and auxiliary staff were determined differently depending on the place and time. The main offices and functions were:

  • Inquisitor: The local tribunals were each staffed with up to three inquisitors ( Inquisidores ordinarios ). The necessary qualification of these inquisitors was laid down in the papal bull “Exigit sincerae devotionis affectus”: They should be high-ranking ordained theologians or lay people with legal experience. Membership in an order was not a prerequisite for the office. The fact that the inquisitors belonged to the Dominican order was also often the case in Spain, but by no means the rule. You should be 40, of good repute, lead an honorable life, and have graduated from either theology or law. The inquisitors mostly did not come from the area in which they were deployed. In addition, frequent transfers ensured that there were no personal local connections.
  • Fiscal (Prosecutor): The Prosecutor, known as the Fiscal or Procurator , was the closest associate of the Inquisitor and belonged to the magistrate, but was not considered a judge in the strict sense. He directed the investigation, acted as an interrogator, drew minutes, drafted the indictment , and drafted other judicial documents.
  • Alguacil (Büttel): Enforcement officer of the tribunal who made arrests and (together with the receptor or the property judge) confiscations, brought up or transferred defendants and suspects, served subpoenas and carried out other orders from the inquisitor. When the tribunal occupied several bailiffs, the head of the bailiffs' office called himself Alguacil Mayor . Often the bailiff was also the jailer.
  • Calificador (reviewer): The Calificadores were usually theologians who examined advertisements, testimony and statements of the accused to see whether heresies could be recognized.
  • Consultor: The consultores were lawyers and theologians who assisted the tribunal in conducting the litigation.
  • Comisario (Commissioner): The Comisarios were mostly local chaplains who gave the tribunal information about local conditions.
  • Notario de secuestros or Receptor (confiscation officer): Immediately after the arrest, the Notario de secuestros (literally 'confiscation notary') or receptor made a register in which the property status of the suspect was recorded.
  • Juez de Bienes Confiscados (Confiscation Officer): The decision as to which property of the accused or convicted was confiscated by the Inquisition was made by the Juez de Bienes (literally 'property judge'), who was accountable to the Royal Treasury ( Hacienda Real ).
  • Notario del secreto (secret notary): The notaries and witness statements to be kept secret from the accused, but also the statements of the accused themselves, were recorded by the notario del secreto . He also carried out the tribunal's correspondence.
  • Medicus: If the torture was used, a doctor should be present to ensure that the accused did not die before they were convicted.
  • Alcaide de cárcel (jailer): The Inquisition had its own prisons, which, separated from the prisons of the general judiciary, were mostly located in the immediate vicinity of the courthouse. They were used both for pre-trial detention and for serving prison sentences.
  • Familiar (Dienstmann): The Familiares were lay people who supported the Inquisition Courts by arresting suspects or looking for refugees. For the Familiares , who were often simple people such as farmers or artisans, working for the Inquisition brought the privilege of having part of the taxes waived, of being allowed to carry arms and of being tried only by the Inquisition. For some nobles, the appointment was a special honor.
Organization chart of the Spanish Inquisition around 1520 (after B. Comella)

Financing the Inquisition

Until 1559, the finances of the Spanish Inquisition ran through the state budget. A characteristic of the Santo Oficios in the following period was its independence from direct state services.

costs

There were about a dozen salaried officials in each judicial district. There were also other people who only worked temporarily for the tribunals. Only the Familiares received no payment whatsoever. In addition to personnel costs, there were costs for the construction and maintenance of the courthouse and the associated prisons, most of which were owned by the Inquisition. Additional costs were incurred through investments in and the management of properties that were intended to ensure the long-term financial security of the Inquisition. The organization of the spectacular auto dafe was only possible with great financial outlay.

revenue

Confiscation: In canon law , confiscation is the standard punishment for heresy. The value of the confiscated goods brought in quite high income in the first time through the condemnation of rich conversos . After the focus of the convictions shifted to mostly poor moriscos , however, there was a lack of lucrative victims from the middle of the 16th century .

Fines: The amount of the fines often imposed also depended on the economic performance of the accused and therefore decreased more and more over time.

Transfer payments: One of the penalties imposed by the Spanish Inquisition was the obligation to wear a penitential robe in public . This requirement often meant that the ability of those affected to act was severely limited in business dealings. By paying a redemption, the condition could usually be lifted.

Payments by the Moriskan communities: Some congregations of Muslims who had converted to Christianity concluded contracts with the local inquisition tribunals for regular lump-sum payments , which promised the Moriskans that the Inquisition would waive certain measures. For an annual payment of 2500 ducats, for example, B. the Inquisition in Valencia in 1571 to carry out extensive confiscations and limited the fines to 10 ducats.

Income from leasing and renting: The Inquisition Tribunals temporarily invested their income in real estate and thereby made themselves independent of payments from the Crown. The income from the property of the Inquisition played a role in the financing of the Spanish Inquisition, especially in the 16th and after the 18th century.

Canonicals (benefices): The Catholic kings had already been granted the right by the Pope in 1488 to assign benefices (canonicals) to the inquisitors that were attached to cathedrals or collegiate churches. Philip II was able to persuade Paul IV that all cathedrals and collegiate churches in Spain had a beneficiary position in the cathedral chapter or the collegiate chapter to provide for an inquisitor.

The work of the inquisition

Autodafe in the Plaza Mayor in Lima , Viceroyalty of Peru , 17th century

In the first few years of the establishment's existence, more than 90% of the accused were conversos , i.e. people who had converted from the Jewish to the Christian faith, as well as their baptized descendants. From the end of the 16th century, the number of trials against Moriscos , i.e. people who had converted from the Muslim to the Christian faith, predominated . The fight against Lutherans (mostly foreigners) and Alumbrados by the Spanish Inquisition, on the other hand, was a marginal phenomenon that was numerically insignificant.

The expulsion of the Jews and the persecution of the Conversos

The reason for the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition was the increasing number of people who had converted from the Jewish to the Christian faith, the conversos, in the course of the 15th century . These were often suspected of not being really converted and of secretly performing religious acts of their abandoned religion. While real conviction or social pressure initially led to conversion, after the Alhambra Edict of March 31, 1492 , the Jews only had the choice between baptism and exile. It is estimated that by 1520, about 10% of the 25,000 or so conversos had inquisition trials.

The expulsion or compulsory baptism of Muslims

In 1502, ten years after the expulsion of the Jews, all Muslims in Castile were given the alternative of either being baptized or emigrating. For Aragón, King Charles I ordered the compulsory baptism of all Muslims in 1525. As with the conversos was also at the converted Muslims, the Moriscos , the general suspicion of being and in secret, not convinced Christian rites to practice their old religion.

The suppression of Protestantism

Contemporary illustration of a car dairy in Valladolid where fourteen Protestants were executed on May 21, 1559.

The Lutherans had hardly any followers in Spain until the middle of the 16th century. At the instigation of the resigned Emperor Charles V, for whom the fight against Protestantism was not just a question of faith but a question of politics, the persecution of this type of deviation from Roman Catholicism between 1559 and 1566 also played a role in the Spanish Inquisition . It is estimated that there are around 100 death sentences in this group.

Responsibility for special offenses

Witchcraft: Witchcraft trials took place in both Spanish Inquisition and secular courts. In 1498 there were first convictions by the Inquisition Tribunal in Saragossa . In 1525, the Suprema ordered that no one should be arrested for witchcraft unless there was evidence of other people accused of witchcraft. The property of defendants who freely confessed should not be confiscated.

In 1610 there was a witch trial against 53 defendants before the Inquisition Tribunal of Logroño . Of the witches condemned, six were actually burned and five in effigy . One of the three inquisitors, Alonso de Salazar y Frías , had spoken out against the convictions. The judgments were nevertheless upheld by the Consejo de la Suprema Inquisición . Alonso de Salazar y Frías was investigating further rumors of witch activity in Navarre on behalf of Suprema. In 1614 he concluded that there was no evidence of witchcraft. This actually prompted the Suprema not to conduct any more witch trials in this case and even to rehabilitate the convicts of Logroño.

Bigamy: Bigamy was an offense that could be punished by secular and ecclesiastical courts as well as the Inquisition. The Inquisition Courts justified their jurisdiction on the fact that the bigamist showed through his actions that he despised the sacrament of marriage. The Council of Trent (1547–1563) had clearly defined the form of a Christian marriage in the decree “Tametsi”. Therefore, after the mid-16th century, there were no longer any problems of proof that had arisen from the possible existence of an informal marriage . Those convicted of bigamy by the tribunals of the Spanish Inquisition were primarily people from outside the locality where they were charged. Most of them were gypsies , day laborers , seamen , former prisoners or soldiers . Foreign merchants were also among the convicts. Bigamists were often sentenced to temporary galley terms.

Homosexuality: Homosexual acts were seen as a sign that the agent was revolting against the order willed by God. In an ordinance of 1505, King Ferdinand II determined that in Aragón proceedings for homosexual acts were a matter for the Inquisition. In Castile, however, the local courts were responsible.

Sollicitation: The persecution of intimate and provocative acts and sexual harassment by priests in the confessional ( Sollicitation ) was the responsibility of the Inquisition. In addition to the moral component of the offense, it was also important here that such acts were viewed as disregard and dishonor for the sacrament of penance and therefore as a sign of the unbelief of the perpetrators and those involved in both sexes.

Censorship

A book index of the Spanish Inquisition. Madrid, 1583

Even in the first years of its existence, combating heretical printed matter was an important task of the Inquisition. In 1490 she is said to have caused the burning of more than 6,000 Bibles and other books in Salamanca. The 1497 order in Valencia to burn Hebrew religious books and the translated Bibles met with opposition. Therefore, the books were examined by professors and eminent theologians before they were given to the flames. In Granada, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros is said to have ordered four to five thousand Arabic books to be burned.

By ordinance of July 8th, 1502, the Catholic Monarchs decreed that a permit had to be obtained before a book was printed or imported. These authorizations were given in Valladolid and Granada by the presidents of the respective royal courts, in Toledo , Seville , Burgos , Salamanca and Zamora by the archbishops and bishops respectively . Responsibility changed frequently in the centuries that followed. This preliminary censorship could not be avoided by authors, printers and booksellers. The censors of the various institutions approved or criticized very differently. The approval for printing by the previous censorship did not provide the assurance that the Inquisition Courts did not consider the content to be heretical and condemn authors, printers and booksellers.

The guideline for the courts of the Spanish Inquisition was an index created under the Inquisitor General Fernando de Valdes from 1559 . In 1583, an expanded index was published, which was updated. It initially listed 2,315 works, of which around 75 percent were written in Latin, 8.5 percent in Castilian and 17.5 percent in other languages.

If the Inquisition had an advertisement referring to a printed work, the book was presented to a censor of the Inquisition who prepared an expert opinion. If the reviewer concluded that there was a violation, all copies had to be recalled, penalties were threatened for each reprint, and the book was placed on the Spanish Inquisition index.

In the 18th century, a focus of the Inquisition was the censorship of representations. The works objected to by the Inquisition can be divided into four groups:

  1. The depiction of crosses and religious symbols, even when displayed correctly and with due respect, but impaired the reputation of the symbols due to incorrect or inadequate rendering.
  2. The depiction of saints, crosses or other symbols, the spread of which could encourage false beliefs because they were reproduced on objects of worldly use, especially on objects related to less decent parts of the body.
  3. The depiction of indecent or clearly pornographic scenes with sacred symbols or people who had dedicated their lives to God.
  4. Sculptures, pictures, drawings, prints and any other kind of representation that depict naked bodies or that in the eyes of the censors showed provocative, immoral, dishonorable, lewd or obscene behavior.

The course of the procedure

The first rules for the course of proceedings of the Spanish Inquisition were drawn up in 1483 and expanded to 1500. In 1561 the Inquisitor General Fernando de Valdes summarized the various directives (instrucciones) that had been sent by the Suprema up to that point.

Pardon

At the beginning of the activity of an inquisition tribunal in one place, there was a public reading of a pardon (Edicto de Gracia) until around 1500. The residents were asked to cooperate with the Inquisition. They were asked to confess or report the sins of their own and of other people's sins that they became aware of within the next thirty days. The forms of heresy to be displayed were listed individually. It was promised that sins freely confessed and seriously repented would be more lenient. Many conversos accepted this offer in order to be accepted again by the church after a slight penance. This procedure was associated with a certain risk, but it could protect against the confiscation of property. Most of these proceedings ended with a monetary payment to the Inquisition.

Since the beginning of the 16th century, the decree of grace (Edicto de Gracia) was replaced by the decree of faith (Edicto de Fe). In this appeal, the time in which the reports had to be made was shortened to a few days and there was no grace period.

display

Since there was also a penalty for failure to report violations, a large number of reports were usually received. No anonymous advertisements were accepted. However, the names of the complainants and information that allowed conclusions to be drawn about the complainant were kept secret from the later accused. The reports were carefully recorded. A reporter (calificador) evaluated the ads and tried to link them. Advertisements that were untrustworthy or did not relate to any facts to be assessed by the Inquisition should be sorted out. If there was sufficient suspicion of a person, they would be arrested.

arrest

As a first measure during the arrest, the arrested person's property was provisionally confiscated and an inventory was drawn up as a basis for the amount of fines and the calculation of the costs of the proceedings. Detention was usually held in the Inquisition's own prisons. The detainee was not informed of the reasons for his detention. Several weeks or months often passed before the trial. In principle, the accused should be able to choose a lawyer freely. A selection was usually only possible from among the defense counsel appointed by the court.

Procedure

The entire process of the procedure was secret. The inquisition process did not take place as a coherent negotiation with the presence of those involved or at least those entrusted with the judgment, but consisted of a number of individual, written processes that were only brought together when the judgment was reached. There was no oral main hearing . The duration of the procedure varied widely. Sometimes it dragged on for several years. When the witnesses were questioned and the accused were questioned, usually only an inquisitor and a clerk were present. In particular, the exact written record of the reports and statements of all those involved made the importance of the Inquisition. The collection and systematization of file contents made it possible to compare statements of the accused and various witnesses and to identify contradictions. Statements made in other proceedings were also available. Repeat offenders could easily be identified as such, even if they had been arrested in different locations.

The different types of torture

As with the earlier papal inquisition proceedings, but also with the normal criminal proceedings of the early modern period , the use of torture was an approved means of "establishing the truth". Torture was used during the evidence-gathering phase when the defendant became involved in contradictions or admitted a misdemeanor but denied intent in heresy or made only a partial confession. The usual torture methods of the Spanish Inquisition were the "Garrucha" ( hanging on stilts ), the "Toca" ( waterboarding ) and the "Potro" ( rack ). A secular executioner carried out the torture. An inquisitor, a representative of the local bishop, a recorder and usually also a doctor were present. The torture appears to have been used in about 10 percent of the procedures.

judgment

The judgments of the inquisition trials of the Spanish Inquisition were passed by the inquisitors, a representative of the bishop in whose diocese the trial took place, and other advisers. If no agreement could be reached between these people, the Suprema had to decide on the case from 1561.

In cases where the defendants appeared to be innocent, the trials were often interrupted and the defendants released. The negotiation could be resumed at any time. This procedure had the advantage that the court did not have to admit that it had made a mistake in the arrest.

Other than acquittal, three types of conviction were possible:

  • In minor cases, the condemned had to renounce their errors before the Inquisition (abjuratio de levi). The verdict then did not take place in a public car dairy , but in a non-public "car particular". In somewhat more severe cases, the renouncement took place during a car dairy in front of the public (abjuratio de vehementi). In addition, fines were imposed to benefit the Inquisition coffers. The convicted could u. a. given up to wear a penitential robe with a red St. Andrew's cross in public for a certain period of time .
  • Persons who had been found guilty of heresy, who had confessed to and had come to an understanding, should, if they showed sincere repentance, be reconciled (reconciliatio) with the church by repentance. The atonement could consist of a publicly executed caning sentence, prison or galley penalty . This usually involved the confiscation of the property.
  • If the accused convicted of grave heresy were involuntary or relapsed, they were released from the hands of the Inquisition and handed over to the secular arm of the judiciary ( relaxatio ad brachium saeculare ), which then carried out the death penalty by burning. The property of these convicts was confiscated.

Auto-da-fe

Autodafé in the Plaza Mayor in Madrid on June 30, 1680 (painting by Francisco Rizi , 1683)

The end of a trial of the Spanish Inquisition was the auto-da-fe, in which the judgments of a large number of trials were publicly announced. The auto-da-fé was a symbol of the Last Judgment . Its festive staging is a special feature of the Spanish Inquisition. It usually took place in the presence of all secular and spiritual dignitaries and the entire population of the judicial district. The holding of a car dairy had to be announced eight days in advance. In most cases, however, the event, which is celebrated as a folk festival, was known much earlier. At the Autodafé, which was held in Valladolid in May 1559, 200,000 people are said to have been present alongside several members of the royal family.

The judgments were read out at the car dairy, and public renunciation or reconciliation was carried out. The execution of the penalties, e.g. B. Whipping or burning at the stake took place at a separate event.

Number of victims

Very different studies are known about the number of victims of the Spanish Inquisition. An overview of all known documents was created by the Danish researcher Gustav Henningsen. He found that a considerable number of documents were no longer available and that these missing figures could not be determined simply by extrapolation or projection from the existing figures. So today it can only be assumed from documented cases and it can be assumed that there were certainly more. According to the available material, Henningsen assumes that between 1560 and 1700 about one percent of the accused were executed at the stake. In the period between 1480 and 1530, the Spanish Inquisition dealt in particular with the "Conversos" who had converted from the Jewish religion to Christianity. Probably between 50 and 75 percent of all proceedings in the three hundred year history of the Inquisition occurred in the first fifty years. The estimates of those sentenced to death during this period vary between 1500 for the whole of Spain and 12,000 for Castile alone.

Between 1484 and 1530, out of 2,160 Conversos accused of continuing to practice the Jewish faith in Valencia, 909 were handed over to the secular arm and executed by the latter.

Among the Protestants persecuted between 1560 and 1620, the execution rate was around 10 percent.

In the area of ​​the Crown of Aragon between 1570 and 1630 923 men were charged with homosexual acts (sodomy); 170 of them were sentenced to death and 288 to galley service.

End of the inquisition

The Inquisition in the 18th century

The last series of inquisition trials against baptized Christians suspected of practicing the Jewish religion took place from 1721 to 1727. In the period that followed, the Inquisition developed into an institution that not only fought against heresy, but also made the preservation of morality its special task. Charges were also made based on satirical and “insulting” representations by the king and his government. The censorship dealt not only with books, but also with all kinds of representations of the visual arts .

abolition

In a decree issued by Napoleon in December 1808, the inquisition was repealed in the part of Spain occupied by French troops . The Cortes of Cádiz, acting outside the French sphere of influence, also repealed the Inquisition tribunals on April 22, 1813 on the grounds that the purity of Catholicism should be better preserved by the bishops. On his return from exile in France in 1814, King Ferdinand VII reinstated the Inquisition. In 1820, at the beginning of the Trienio Liberal , Ferdinand was forced to dissolve the Inquisition. In 1829 the Pope transferred the tasks of the Spanish Inquisition to the Roman Inquisition . The Spanish Inquisition was officially abolished on July 15, 1834 during the reign of Queen Isabella II.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Tarsicio Herrero del Collado: El proceso inquisitorial por delito de herejía contra Hernando de Talavera . In: Anuario de historia del derecho español . No. 39 , 1969, ISSN  0304-4319 , p. 679 (Spanish, [1] [accessed August 1, 2019]).
  2. ↑ P. Bernardino Llorca SJ (ed.): Bulario pontificio de la Inquisición española en su período constitucional (1478-1525) . Pontificia Universita Gregoriana, Rome 1949, p. 48 ff . (Spanish, [2] [accessed October 1, 2019]).
  3. ↑ José Antonio Escudero López: Fernando el Católico y la introducción de la Inquisición . In: Revista de la Inquisición: (intolerancia y derechos humanos) . No. 19 , 2015, ISSN  1131-5571 , p. 17 (Spanish, [3] [accessed January 1, 2019]).
  4. ^ Joseph Pérez: Crónica de la inquisición en España . Ediciones Martínez Roca, Barcelona 2002, ISBN 84-270-2773-7 , p. 84 ff . (Spanish).
  5. ^ Eduardo Galván Rodríguez: El Inquisidor General y los gastos de la guerra. In: De las Navas de Tolosa a la Constitución de Cádiz. El Ejército y la guerra en la construcción del Estado, ISBN 978-84-615-9451-1 . Leandro Martínez Peñas, Manuela Fernández Rodríguez, 2012, p. 187 , accessed on December 31, 2014 (Spanish).
  6. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 3-406-50840-5 , p. 85 .
  7. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 82 .
  8. ↑ José Enrique Pasamar Lázaro: La Villa de Tauste y la Inquisición. In: Asociación Cultural “El Patiaz” (ed.): Tauste en su historia. Actas de las XIII Jornadas sobre la Historia de Tauste (February 13 to 17, 2012), Tauste 2013 (proceedings), pp. 34–96 (here: p. 48 ).
  9. ↑ José Enrique Pasamar Lázaro: La Villa de Tauste y la Inquisición. In: Asociación Cultural “El Patiaz” (ed.): Tauste en su historia. Actas de las XIII Jornadas sobre la Historia de Tauste (February 13 to 17, 2012), Tauste 2013, pp. 34–96 (here: p. 49).
  10. ↑ Luis de la Cruz Valenciano: La Inquisición Española. (pdf) 1478-1834. (No longer available online.) Universitat Jaume, 2012, p. 16 , archived from the original on January 23, 2016 ; Retrieved December 23, 2014 (Spanish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mayores.uji.es
  11. ^ José Antonio Escudero López: La Inquisición española. In: Actas de la II Jornada de historia de Llerena, 2001, ISBN 84-95251-59-0 . Francisco J. Mateos Ascacibar, Felipe Lorenzana de la Puente, 2001, p. 27 , accessed December 31, 2014 (Spanish).
  12. ^ J. Ignacio Tellechea Idígoras: Las Cárceles inquisitoriales. October 1978, accessed December 23, 2014 (Spanish).
  13. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 82 .
  14. ↑ See Beatriz Comella: La Inquisición Española. 4th edition, Madrid 2004 (first edition 1998), p. 195; like. ibid. Pp. 128-131.
  15. ↑ a b c Ana Vanessa Torrente Martínez: El proceso penal del la inquisición: a modelo histórico en la evolución del proceso penal. (pdf) In: Revista jurídica de la Región de Murcia, ISSN  0213-4799 , Nº. 41, 2009. 2009, p. 68 , accessed December 16, 2014 (Spanish).
  16. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 82 (German).
  17. ↑ Ana Vanessa Torrente Martínez: El proceso penal del la inquisición: a modelo histórico en la evolución del proceso penal . In: Revista jurídica de la Región de Murcia . No. 41 , 2009, ISSN  0213-4799 , p. 69 (Spanish, unirioja.es [accessed September 15, 2019]).
  18. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 84 .
  19. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 84 (German).
  20. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 71 (German).
  21. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 85 (German).
  22. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 66 (German).
  23. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 66 .
  24. ↑ Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 301 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  25. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 64 .
  26. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 70 .
  27. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 72 .
  28. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 74 .
  29. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 118 .
  30. ↑ Enrique Gacto Fernández: El delito de bigamia y la Inquisición española. (PDF) In: Anuario de historia del derecho español, ISSN  0304-4319 , Nº 57, 1987. 1987, p. 469 ff. , Accessed on December 23, 2014 (Spanish).
  31. ↑ Enrique Gacto Fernández: El delito de bigamia y la Inquisición española. (PDF) In: Anuario de historia del derecho español, ISSN  0304-4319 , Nº 57, 1987. 1987, p. 485 , accessed on December 23, 2014 (Spanish).
  32. ↑ La Herejización de la Sodomía. (PDF) Consideraciones teológicas y practice inquisitorial. In: Hispania Sacra, LXII 126, ISSN  0018-215X . 2010, p. 543 , accessed December 25, 2014 (Spanish).
  33. ^ Beatrice Comella: La Inquisición Española. 4th ed., Madrid 2004, p. 157.
  34. ↑ Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 345 f . (From the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  35. ↑ Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 179 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  36. ↑ Héctor Álvarez García: La legislación censoria española en los siglos XVI-XVIII . In: Revista de ciencias jurídicas y sociales . No. 10 , 2009, ISSN  1698-5583 , p. 146 (Spanish, [4] [accessed December 1, 2019]).
  37. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 75 .
  38. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 75 .
  39. ↑ Héctor Alvarez García: La legislación censoria española en los siglos XVI-XVIII. (PDF) In: Foro: Revista de ciencias jurídicas y sociales, ISSN  1698-5583 , Nº. 10, 2009. 2009, p. 156 , accessed December 16, 2014 (Spanish).
  40. ↑ Enrique Fernández Gacto: El arte vigilado. (PDF) sobre la censura estética de la Inquisción española en el siglo XVIII. In: Revista de la Inquisición: (intolerancia y derechos humanos), ISSN  1131-5571 , Nº 9, 2000. 2000, p. 14ff , accessed on December 23, 2014 (Spanish).
  41. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 86 .
  42. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 66 .
  43. ^ José Antonio Escudero López: La Inquisición española. Francisco J. Mateos Ascacibar, Felipe Lorenzana, accessed January 10, 2015 .
  44. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 87 f .
  45. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 53 .
  46. ^ José Antonio Escudero López: La Inquisición española. In: Actas de la II Jornada de historia de Llerena, 2001, ISBN 84-95251-59-0 . Francisco J. Mateos Ascacibar, Felipe Lorenzana de la Puente, 2001, p. 30 , accessed on December 31, 2014 (Spanish).
  47. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 88 .
  48. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 89 ff .
  49. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 91 .
  50. ^ José Antonio Escudero López: La Inquisición española . In: Francisco J. Mateos Ascacibar, Felipe Lorenzana de la Puente (ed.): Actas de la II Jornada de historia de Llerena . Llerena 2001, ISBN 84-95251-59-0 , p. 35 f . (Spanish, [5] [accessed September 15, 2019]).
  51. ↑ Joseph Perez: Ferdinand and Isabella . Callwey, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7667-0923-2 , pp. 290 (from the French by Antoinette Gittinger).
  52. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 68 .
  53. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 67 f .
  54. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 90 .
  55. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 94 .
  56. ^ Antonio Peñafiel Ramón: Inquisición y moralidad pública en la España del siglo XVIII . In: Revista de la Inquisición: (intolerancia y derechos humanos) . No. 5 , 1996, ISSN  1131-5571 , pp. 293-302 (Spanish, [6] [accessed January 1, 2020]).
  57. ^ Antonio Peñafiel Ramón: Inquisición y moralidad pública en la España del siglo XVIII . In: Revista de la Inquisición: (intolerancia y derechos humanos) . No. 5 , 1996, ISSN  1131-5571 , pp. 295 (Spanish, [7] [accessed January 1, 2020]).
  58. ↑ Enrique Gacto Fernández: El arte vigilado (sobre la censura estética de la Inquisción española en el siglo XVIII) . In: Revista de la Inquisición: (intolerancia y derechos humanos) . No. 9 , 2000, ISSN  1131-5571 , p. 11 (Spanish, [8] [accessed January 1, 2020]).
  59. ↑ Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - persecution of heretics in the Middle Ages and modern times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 , p. 79 .

literature

  • José Antonio Escudero López: La Inquisición en España (=  Cuadernos de Historia 16 . Band 48 ). Información e Historia, SL Historia 16, Madrid 1995, ISBN 84-7679-286-7 (Spanish, [9] [accessed January 19, 2020]).
  • Joseph Pérez: Crónica de la inquisición en España . Ediciones Martínez Roca, Barcelona 2002, ISBN 84-270-2773-7 (Spanish).
  • Gerd Schwerhoff: The Inquisition - Persecution of Heretics in the Middle Ages and Modern Times . 3. Edition. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-50840-0 .