Hostility towards Armenians

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In this photograph, the United States Ambassador wrote : “Scenes like these were commonplace in the Armenian provinces of Turkey during the spring and summer months of 1915. Death in several forms - massacre, starvation , exhaustion - wiped out most of the refugees. The Turkish policy was that of extermination under the guise of deportation ”.

Hostility to Armenians ( Armenian Հակահայկականություն Hakahajkakanut'jun , Turkish Ermeni düşmanlığı ) stands for reservations, hatred, rejection or fears towards Armenians , the state of Armenia or the Armenian culture . In Turkey , hostility towards the Armenians led to the genocide of the Armenians .

The hostility to Armenians in the 20th century arose primarily on a geopolitical and historical basis (diplomatic and strategic interests). Today, hostility towards the Armenians is expressed in rejection of the existence of the Armenian Republic, falsification of history or belief in an "Armenian conspiracy ". Hostility to Armenians is also widespread in society and politics in connection with the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and its history of mutual pogroms by Armenians and Azerbaijani in Azerbaijan.

History and incidents

Although it was possible for the Armenians to gain status and prosperity in the Ottoman Empire , as a community they were second class citizens and were considered fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society. From 1893 onwards, a decision by Sultan Abdülhamid II resulted in the targeted killings of tens of thousands of Armenians in the Hamid massacres for the first time . The Armenian genocide occurred during the First World War .

The difficulties that are happening to the Armenian minority in Turkey today are the result of an anti-Armenian attitude by the state and right-wing extremist groups such as the Gray Wolves ( Ülküculer ).

When the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict broke out, some Armenians moved to Tajikistan . Turkish Panturkists organized anti-Christian and anti-Armenian propaganda campaigns in the independent states of Central Asia. Among other things, rumors were spread that Armenians were supposed to be settled in new apartments in Dushanbe , which at the time was suffering from an acute housing shortage. Similar hoaxes were also launched in Sumgait , resulting in a massacre; despite the fact that Armenian refugees did not settle in public apartments - if only with relatives. This led to an anti-Armenian pogrom in the Dushanbe riots , which were directed against both the government and Armenians. More than 20 people were killed in the events and more than 500 wounded.

Immediately after the events in Tajikistan, anti-Armenian violence began to spread to other Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan .

In February 2004, journalist Hrant Dink published an article in the daily Agos entitled “The Secret of Sabiha Hatun” in which a former Gaziantep resident, Hripsime Sebilciyan, claimed to be Sabiha Gökçen's niece, suggesting her Armenian origins. The mere idea that Gökçen could be an Armenian led to discussions all over Turkey until Dink himself got caught in the fire, especially by newspaper columnists and right-wing Turkish groups who portrayed him as a traitor. A cable from the US consul , recorded by an official at the Istanbul Consulate and published by WikiLeaks , stated that the whole matter "unleashed an ugly wave of racism in Turkish society."

In 2004, Belge Films , the film distributor in Turkey , withdrew the release of Atom Egoyan's genocidal film Ararat after receiving threats from the Gray Wolves.

Hrant Dink , editor-in-chief of the bilingual weekly newspaper Agos , was murdered by Ogün Samast on January 19, 2007 . He worked on the instructions of Yasin Hayal , a militant Turkish right-wing extremist. Because of his testimony about the genocide, Dink was already convicted under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for allegedly “insulting Turkishness”. Because of his Armenian origins, he has also received numerous death threats from Turkish right-wing extremists who viewed his “iconoclastic” journalism (especially about genocide) as an act of treason.

Hostility towards Armenians is sometimes mixed with anti-Semitism . At a press conference of the anti- Israeli Osmangazi Kültür Dernekleri Federasyonu in Eskişehir , posters read: “Dogs allowed, the entrance is closed to Jews and Armenians”.

On the other hand, on February 26, 2012, the anniversary of the Khodjali massacre , anti-Armenian demonstrations took place in Istanbul , during which numerous hate speeches and threats were made against Armenia and the Armenian people. Chants and slogans during the demonstrations were: “You are all Armenians, you are all bastards!” ( Hepiniz Ermenisiniz, hepiniz piçsiniz! ), “Bastards from Hrant cannot intimidate us!” ( Hrant'ın piçleri bizi korkutamaz! ), And " Taksim today , Yerevan tomorrow : we will suddenly fall on you in one night."

In 2012, right-wing extremist group ASIM-DER (founded in 2002) threatened Armenian schools, foundations and individuals in Turkey as part of an anti-Armenian campaign.

Individuals

Samuel Weems published the book Armenia: The Secrets of a "Christian" Terrorist State in May 2002 . Weems made claims such as that “Armenia's number 1 export is terrorism” and that there was no genocide against the Armenians. Samuel Weems' license to practice law was revoked for arson and insurance fraud.

literature

  • Hilmar Kaiser: Imperialism, Racism, and Development Theories. The Construction of a Dominant Paradigm on Ottoman Armenians , Gomidas Institute, Ann Arbor (MI) 1997

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ( Russian :) Шнирельман В. А. Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье / Под ред. Алаева Л. Б. - М .: Академкнига, 2003. - p. 250; De Waal, Thomas. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through War and Peace. New York: New York University Press, 2003, p. 154.
  2. ↑ Robert Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas . - University of Chicago Press, 2001. - p. 291
  3. ^ Black Garden , by Thomas De Waal (Aug 25, 2004), 42
  4. ^ Richard G. Hovannisian: The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies . Transaction Publishers, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4128-3592-3 , pp. 40 ( online - In it, Muslims had full legal and social rights, while non-Muslim " people of the book ," that is, Jews and Christians, had a second-class subject status that entailed, among other things, higher taxes, exclusion from the military and political spheres, and strict limitations on legal rights.).
  5. ↑ Communal Violence: The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies , by Margaret J. Wyszomirsky, World Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Apr. 1975), p. 438
  6. ↑ Hamidian Massacres , Armenian Genocide.
  7. ↑ Ray Takeyh, Nikolas K. Gvosdev: The Receding Shadow of the Prophet . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, ISBN 0-275-97629-7 ( online ).
  8. ^ Edward Allworth: Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance . Duke University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8223-1521-1 , pp. 586-587 ( online [accessed October 23, 2008]).
  9. ↑ Hrant Dink: Sabiha Hatun'un Sırrı . In: Agos , February 6, 2004. 
  10. ↑ a b Cable reference id: # 04ISTANBUL374 ( Memento from December 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). March 10, 2004.
  11. ↑ Ülkü OCAKLARI: Ararat YAYINLANAMAZ !! Turkish
  12. ↑ Ülkü OCAKLARI: ARARAT'I Cesaretiniz Varsa YAYINLAYIN! Turkish
  13. ↑ Benjamin Harvey: Suspect in Journalist Death Makes Threat. In: ctvnews.ca. Associated Press , January 24, 2007, accessed January 24, 2007 .
  14. ^ Turkish-Armenian writer shot dead. In: BBC News . January 19, 2007, archived from the original on February 4, 2007 ; Retrieved January 19, 2007 .
  15. ^ Robert Mahoney: Bad blood in Turkey. (PDF; 2.6 MB) Committee to Protect Journalists , June 15, 2006, archived from the original on January 16, 2007 ; Retrieved January 17, 2007 .
  16. ↑ IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul. International Press Institute , January 22, 2007, archived from the original on March 3, 2007 ; Retrieved January 24, 2007 .
  17. ^ Turkish-Armenian editor murdered in Istanbul. Committee to Protect Journalists, January 19, 2007, archived from the original on January 25, 2007 ; Retrieved January 24, 2007 : "Dink had received numerous death threats from nationalist Turks who viewed his iconoclastic journalism, particularly on the mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century, as an act of treachery."
  18. ↑ Köpekler girermiş, Yahudiler ve Ermeniler giremezmiş! Radikal , Ankara, accessed January 7, 2009 (Turkish).
  19. ↑ a b Azeris mark 20th anniversary of Khojaly Massacre in Istanbul. In: Hürriyet Daily News . Hürriyet , February 26, 2012, accessed on December 22, 2012 : "One banner carried by dozens of protestors said," You are all Armenians, you are all bastards. ""
  20. ^ A b Inciting Hatred: Turkish Protesters Call Armenians 'Bastards'. In: Asbarez. February 28, 2012, accessed on December 22, 2012 : "'Mount Ararat will Become Your Grave' Chant Turkish Students"
  21. ↑ Khojaly Massacre Protests gone wrong in Istanbul: 'You are all Armenian, you are all bastards'. In: National Turk. February 28, 2012, accessed December 22, 2012 .
  22. ^ Protests in Istanbul: “You are all Armenian, you are all bastards”. In: LBC International. February 26, 2012, accessed December 22, 2012 .
  23. ^ Ultra-nationalist group targets Turkey's Armenians. In: Today's Zaman . Zaman , November 28, 2012, accessed May 31, 2013 .
  24. ↑ Weems Interview , Tall Armenian Tale.
  25. ↑ 98-801 ( Memento from August 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ^ Arkansas Legal Ethics , Cornell University Law School ( August 9, 2011 memento in the Internet Archive )