Solanum subg. Archaesolanum

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Solanum subg. Archaesolanum
Solanum laciniatum

Solanum laciniatum

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Nightshade (Solanales)
Family : Nightshade family (Solanaceae)
Genre : Nightshade ( solanum )
Subgenus : Solanum subg. Archaesolanum
Scientific name
Solanum subg. Archaesolanum
Marzell
Kangaroo apple ( Solanum aviculare ), blossom.
Solanum laciniatum fruits .

Solanum subg. Archaesolanum is a subgenus of the genus of nightshade ( Solanum ), in which about eight species are classified. The subgenus is endemic to Australia , New Guinea and New Zealand and is the only one within the genus to have a base chromosome number of.

description

The types of the subgenus are shrubs with a height of 0.5 to 2.0 (4.0) m, which are softly woody, have no spines and are hairless or hairy with simple or glandular trichomes . The leaves are up to 35 × 20 cm in size and are pinnately lobed with three to eleven lobes or curved with four to six segments.

The inflorescences are axillary, are (1) 5 to 10 (15) cm long and consist of (rarely only one) three to six (rarely up to ten) flowers . The peduncle is missing or up to 5 cm long. The sepals are fused to about the middle, the bluish-purple or deep purple-blue petals form a wheel-shaped to star-wheel-shaped corolla with a diameter of 2 to 3 or 3 to 5 cm. The leaf bud cover is folded and folded, the tube folds are well developed. The anthers are 2 to 3 (4) mm long, mostly shorter or as long as the stamens , only in exceptional cases slightly longer. The outer sector of the dust bag is free. The scar is head-shaped.

The fruits are 1.5 to 2 cm large berries with a juicy pericarp with up to 70 or more stone cells . The calyx is retained on the fruit, but does not enlarge as the fruit ripens. The fruits contain between 100 and more than 600 seeds.

distribution

The species of the subgenus are endemic in the area between New Guinea and Tasmania , along the eastern coast of Australia from Perth in the west to New Zealand . The species do not occur within the arid areas, but the species Solanum simile and Solanum capsiciforme can be found in the Mallee formations ("dwarf woodlands") in southern Australia.

Systematics

Internal system

Around eight species are currently included in the subgenus:

The sub-genus is not further divided into sections, sometimes the sub-genus is also listed as a section without being classified in another sub-genus.

External system

The Archaesolanum form a closed group within the genus Solanum , which differs from the other species of the genus by the number of base chromosomes . Family relationships and the origin of this deviation in the number of chromosomes are not known. In phylogenetic studies, the subgenus is listed as a separate Archaesolanum clade.

Botanical history

The first collections of plants of the subgenus Archaesolanum were made by Johann Reinhold Forster during James Cook's second voyage to the South Sea (between 1772 and 1775) . It was also Forster who made the first first description of a species with Solanum aviculare in 1786 . The first valid description of the taxon took place in 1927 in the first edition of Volume 5, Part 4 of the Illustrated Flora of Central Europe by Heinrich Marzell , who took up the name previously introduced by Georg Bitter . The group was given the status of a subgenus by Marzell and Bitter, while Siegfried Danert defined the archaesolanum as a section in 1970 in the work "Infrageerische Taxa der Genus Solanum L." A subdivision of the species of Archaesolanum into three series called Avicularia , Laciniata and Similia was also made in 1970 by II Gerasimenko.

use

The species Solanum aviculare and Solanum laciniatum are cultivated in Russia , Eastern Europe and New Zealand as a source of the alkaloid solasodine . Occasionally the fruits are also eaten, but due to the alkaloid content this is only possible when fully ripe and even then the fruits leave an unpleasant burning sensation in the mouth.

swell

  1. ↑ a b c Armando T. Hunziker: The Genera of Solanaceae . ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001. ISBN 3-904144-77-4 .
  2. ^ DE Symon: The genus Solanum in Australia. In: The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae . Academic Press, London, 1979. Pages 125-130.
  3. ^ Archaesolanum-Clade , PBI Solanum: A worldwide treatment, Online, accessed September 23, 2007
  4. ↑ Lynn Bohs: Major Clades in Solanum based on ndhF Sequence Data. In: Solanaceae: William G. D'Arcy Memorial V. Hollowell et al. (Editors). Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2005. Pages 27-49.
  5. ↑ a b Peter Poczai et al .: Genetic diversity and relationships in Solanum subg. Archaesolanum (Solanaceae) based on RAPD and chloroplast PCR-RFLP analyzes . In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 291, 2011. pp. 35-47. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-010-0371-5
  6. ↑ Solanum subgen. Archaesolanum . In: International Plant Name Index IPNI, online, accessed January 19, 2010.
  7. ^ Heinrich Marzell: Solanaceae . In: Gustav Hegi (Ed.): Illustrated Flora of Central Europe , Volume 5, Part 4, 1927. pp. 2548-2625.
  8. ^ Siegfried Danert: Infrageerische Taxa der Genus Solanum L. In: Kulturpflanze , Volume 18, pp. 253-297.
  9. ↑ Nicolas Peterson: Aboriginal uses of Australian Solanaceae. In: The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae . Academic Press, London, 1979. Pages 171-189.

Web links