Ariocarpus fissuratus
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Ariocarpus fissuratus |
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| ( Engelm. ) K.Schum. |
Ariocarpus fissuratus is a species of plant in the genus Ariocarpus fromthe cactus family (Cactaceae). The specific epithet fissuratus comes from Latin , means 'cracked' or 'furrowed' and refers to the typical split and furrowed warts of the plants. Foreign language trivial names are "Chaute", "Chautle", "False Peyote", "Living Rock", "Peyote Cimarrón", "Star Rock", "Sunami" and "Wanamé".
description
The plants of the species form succulent , flatly depressed to spherical bodies from 1.5 to 10 cm in height and up to 10 (rarely up to 15) cm in diameter with large, succulent beet roots . They almost always stay unbranched. The body color is mostly gray-green, but especially the flat forms turn yellowish to brownish with age. The spirally distributed warts are flattened triangular to rhombic and sometimes overlap. The horny, hardened upper side of each wart is almost continuously split and furrowed across it by a pronounced furrow that connects the areole and axilla. Due to the wool emerging from the furrows, which is initially straw-blond, then darkens and finally turns gray, the tops of the plants are well protected and mostly hidden from view. Sooner (in nature) or later (in culture) the wool is shed, so that the furrows of older warts are almost bare. Thorns are not formed.
The flowers develop individually from the youngest areole furrows, so they are almost central. They are light purple to pink-red with a darker throat and reach a diameter of about 2.5 to 4.5 cm. The Pollen are orange, the stamens outstanding, five to zehnstrahligen and tiny feathered scars are almost white. After fertilization, spindle-shaped to club-shaped, greenish to white fruits 5 to 15 mm long and 2 to 6 mm in diameter are formed. These dry out when ripe and release the matt black seeds into the paring wool, from which they (in nature) are only washed out after a long time.
In the natural location, the flattened and yellowish shape in particular is hardly recognizable as a plant due to its semi-subterranean growth and the fissured warts ( mimesis ).
The chromosome number is .
Systematics, distribution and endangerment
Ariocarpus fissuratus is widespread in southwest Texas from Big Bend National Park to the Pecos River and in the Mexican states of Coahuila , Chihuahua , Durango , Nuevo León , Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas .
The first description as Mammillaria fissurata was in 1856 by George Engelmann . Karl Moritz Schumann placed them in the genus Ariocarpus in 1894 . Synonyms are Anhalonium fissuratum (Engelm.) Engelm. and Roseocactus fissuratus (Engelm.) A.Berger .
Ariocarpus fissuratus is listed in Appendix I of the Washington Convention on Endangered Species . In the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN , the species is listed as " Least Concern (CR) ". H. listed as not endangered.
ingredients
In Ariocarpus fissuratus were hordenine , N-methyltyramine , and N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine detected.
Ethnobotanical use
The locals use the slime from the roots of the plants as glue to repair pottery . The plant is used by the Tarahumara during the production of the corn beer Tesguino . It serves as a medicinal plant as well as an anesthetic and is used to treat bruises , wounds and bites . It relieves fever and rheumatic complaints . When chewed or drunk, it is used as a stimulant for local runners. Briefly boiling the plants in water creates a highly intoxicating drink. Among the Huichol and Tarahumara, Ariocarpus fissuratus has a reputation for being more powerful than the Peyotl cactus and for driving people crazy.
proof
literature
- Edward F. Anderson : The Great Cactus Lexicon . Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4573-1 , p. 73 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Urs Eggli, Leonard E. Newton: Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-642-05597-3 , p. 84.
- ^ Edward F. Anderson: A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). I. The Status of the Proposed Genus Roseocactus . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 47, number. 7, 1960, pp. 582-589 ( JSTOR: 2439437 ).
- ↑ James F. Weedin, A. Michael Powell: Chromosome Numbers in Chihuahuan Desert Cactaceae. Trans-Pecos Texas . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 65, Number 5, 1978, pp. 531-537 ( JSTOR: 2442586 ).
- ↑ George Engelmann: Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territory of the United States and Adjacent Regions . In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Volume 3, Boston 1856, p. 270 (online) .
- ^ In: Adolf Engler, Carl Prantl: The natural plant families . Volume 3, Division 6a, 1894, p. 195 (online) .
- ↑ Ariocarpus fissuratus in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2013.2. Posted by: Fitz Maurice, B, Sotomayor, M., Terry, M., Heil, K., Fitz Maurice, WA, Hernández, HM & Corral-Díaz, R., 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
- ^ JL McLaughlin: Cactus alkaloids. VI. Identification of Hordenine and N-Methyltyramine in Ariocarpus fissuratus varieties fissuratus and lloydii . In: Lloydia . Volume 32, Number 3, 1969, pp. 392-394.
- ^ DG Norquist, JL McLaughlin: Cactus alkaloids VIII: Isolation of N-Methyl-3,4-Dimethoxy-β-Phenethylamine from ariocarpus fissuratus var. Fissuratus . In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . Volume 59, Number 12, 1970, pp. 1840-1841 ( doi : 10.1002 / jps.2600591231 ).
- ^ Jeff Nugent: Permaculture Plants, agaves and cacti . 1999, ISBN 0958636702 , p. 38.
further reading
- Concepción Martínez-Peralta, María C. Mandujano: Reproductive ecology of the endangered living rock cactus, Ariocarpus fissuratus (Cactaceae) . In: The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society . Volume 138, Number 2, 2011, pp. 145-155 ( DOI: 10.3159 / TORREY-D-10-00010.1 ).
