Civil war in Chad 2005–2010
The civil war in Chad was a four-year civil war in Chad in central Africa .
It is estimated that the civil war in Chad began in December 2005 when Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim , previously a member of the National Alliance of Resistance ( ANR), founded the collection for democracy and freedoms ( Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et les Libertés , RDL), with the rebels having been active in the country since 1991. It is also contemplated that today's civil war in Chad began on September 25, 2005 with an assault linked to Hassan al-Djinnedi near the city of Modoyna .
In addition to the government army of Chad, various rebel movements take part in this conflict, including the United Forces for Change ( Forces unies pour le changement , FUC) and the Collection for Democracy and Freedoms (RDL), which changed their name over time, alliances formed and experienced divisions.
The conflict also includes the participation of the Janjawid , but above all the insurgents from Darfur of the Movement for Justice and Equality . The Sudan is therefore suspected of supporting the rebels in Chad, while the government of Chad supports the Justice and Equality Movement. Libya and diplomats from other countries have tried to mediate in the conflict. France intervened several times against the insurgents. Troops from EUFOR (consisting of different countries of the European Union as well as Russia , Croatia and Albania ) and troops from different African countries under the mandate of the United Nations are present on site.
The government of Chad estimated in January 2006 that 614 of its citizens had been killed in border fighting. On February 8, 2006, the Chadian President, Idriss Déby , the Sudanese President, Omar al-Bashir , and the Libyan President, Muammar al-Gaddafi , signed the "Tripoli Agreement", which effectively resolved the Chadian-Sudanese conflict, which had devastated many border towns in eastern Chad and Darfur since December 2005 , ended.
After the "Tripoli Agreement" the fighting continued despite several attempts. The conflict is also linked to the Darfur conflict and the Central African Civil War .
context
Since 2004, the Janjawid militias, involved in the neighboring Darfur conflict , have carried out attacks on towns and villages in eastern Chad, killing citizens, stealing cattle and setting fire to houses. More than 200,000 Darfur residents have fled and sought asylum in Chad. Idriss Déby has accused Omar al-Bashir of deliberately exporting the Darfur conflict to Chad. At the same time, Chad was confronted with a stream of refugees from the Central African Republic .
In 2005 Idriss Déby changed the constitution to obtain a third presidential mandate, which caused a mass desertion in the army. Idriss Déby was forced to dissolve his presidential guard and form a new elite corps. Its power declined and various armed oppositional movements formed. The Collection for Democracy and Freedoms (RDL) was created in August 2005 and the Pedestal for Change, Unity and Democracy ( Socle pour le changement, l'unité et la démocratie , SCUD) two months later. Sometime later, they joined with six other groups to form the United Forces for Change (FUC).
procedure
Battle of Adré
On December 18, 2005, members of the Collection for Democracy and Freedoms (RDL) and the Pedestal for Change, Unity and Democracy (SCUD) attacked the city of Adré , close to the border with Sudan. That was the second attack in the region in three days. The following day, the head of the Socle pour le changement, l'unité et la démocratie (SCUD) announced that he was in control of the city. The fighting kills several hundred. One helicopter of the Chadian army was destroyed and another helicopter was seriously damaged. The Chadian Minister of Communications accused the Sudanese government, while a spokesman for the Sudanese Foreign Ministry denied any support for the insurgents. Chad declared war on Sudan, on the other hand, Chad was accused by Sudan of violating its airspace.
Border conflicts
On January 6, 2006, Janjawid militias crossed the Sudanese border to attack the Chadian cities of Borota , Adé and Moudaina , killing nine citizens and wounding three others. Human Rights Watch confirmed the attack, as well as various other attacks, on approximately forty villages in the Borota area, with 16 dead and 6 wounded between January 16 and 20, 2006.
"Tripoli Agreement"
On February 8, 2006, Idriss Déby , Omar al-Bashir and Muammar al-Gaddafi signed the “Tripoli Agreement” to put an end to the conflict. The agreement came about during a top mini-conference in Tripoli , organized by Muammar al-Gaddafi, with the support of the Congolese President Denis Sassou-Nguesso (as chairman of the African Union ), the Central African President François Bozizé and the Malian President Alpha Oumar Konaré . The United Forces for Change (FUC) did not recognize the "Tripoli Agreement".
Insurgent activities
2006
On March 6, 2006, exceeded Janjaweed militias the Sudanese border in order against the Tripoli Agreement , repudiating the Chadian town Amdjereme attack. The government of Chad accused the Janjawid of stealing hundreds and sometimes thousands of farm animals from Chadian citizens. The army of Chad repelled the attack, chased the Janjawid back across the Sudanese border and returned with stolen cattle. On April 13, 2006, hundreds of United Forces insurgents approached the capital, Ndjamena . The army of Chad repelled the attack and took some insurgents prisoner. Idriss Déby blamed the Sudanese government, saying the insurgents were either Sudanese or Sudanese backed. Idriss Déby broke off diplomatic relations with Sudan and threatened to expel thousands of refugees from Darfur . On the same day, a hundred citizens in the village of Djawara in the east of the country were massacred by Chadian insurgents and Janjawid militias. At least 43 other people were killed in three villages in the area between April 12 and April 13, 2006, according to Human Rights Watch .
In 2006 Mahamat Nouri joined the insurgents. The opposition parties boycotted the presidential election on May 3, 2006, which Idriss Déby won. In November 2006, the government of Chad declared the state of emergency in the capital and the northern, eastern and southern regions over. The international aid organizations evacuated a large part of their personnel from the eastern city of Abéché . In December 2006, heavy fighting broke out there between the army of Chad and the insurgents, after which Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim , the leader of the United Forces for Change (FUC), concluded a peace treaty with Idriss Déby.
2007
On February 1, 2007, a coalition of four armed rebel movements, consisting of the Movement for Resistance and Change ( Mouvement pour la résistance et le changement ), the National Chadian Unity ( Concorde nationale tchadienne ) and two factions of the Union des forces pour la democratie declared et le développement (UFDD) that they had the city of Adré , close to the Sudanese border, under control. Chad refused to allow United Nations troops to intervene . In March 2007, the former insurgent Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim became Minister of Defense.
In early October 2007, the leaders of the four armed rebel movements accepted the opening of peace negotiations with the government. Nevertheless, fighting broke out in the east. Arabs set fire to villages mainly inhabited by blacks, killing 300 people. At the same time, fighting broke out between the Tama and the Zaghawa . A Tama armed group who had served under Mahamat Nour Abdelkerim left the city of Guéréda to get closer to the Sudanese border. The area was plagued by a double conflict, with government forces stalling in the face of a new alliance of insurgents that soon took two cities. On October 16, 2007, the state of emergency was declared over for most of Chad, including the capital and the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region , near the Libyan border.
On October 26, 2007, the Chadian government and the insurgents signed a peace agreement.
In November 2007, Mahamat Nouri , leader of the Union des forces pour la démocratie et le développement (UFDD), accused Idriss Déby of ordering an attack on his troops in the east of the country. The army claimed to have killed hundreds of insurgents in the battle of Abou Goulem on November 26 and 27, 2007. Abakar Tollimi , General Secretary of the Union des forces pour la démocratie et le développement (UFDD), denied this figure; the Union des forces pour la démocratie et le développement (UFDD) had only 17 deaths to complain about and, on the other hand, assured that they had killed around a hundred soldiers.
On November 30, 2007, the Union des forces pour la démocratie et le développement (UFDD) declared war on France and the foreign troops stationed in Chad, in what looked like a warning of the arrival of EUFOR , which was sending 3,700 soldiers as part of a peacekeeping mission intended to protect the 400,000 Chadian and Sudanese refugees in the area.
2008
On January 31, 2008, the insurgents announced the capture of Oum Hadjer , a city in the central region of Batha , 400 kilometers from the capital, Ndjamena . On February 2, 2008, the insurgents managed to get into the capital, Ndjamena . The insurgents were moving in the direction of the presidential palace, where fighting was taking place. The next day the insurgents withdrew to Mongo and Bitkine . On February 10, 2008, they affirmed that they were in possession of Am Timan . On February 11, 2008, they left Mongo for the south-eastern border.
The state of emergency was lifted on February 15, 2008, while the insurgents temporarily halted the fighting in order to appoint a common leader.
Following the announcement of a new offensive by the rebels, the European troops stationed in Chad intensified their patrols around the refugee camps on June 12, 2008 and advised the aid organizations in the region to keep their trips to an absolute minimum. The Chad government and the insurgents gave highly dissimilar versions of the movements observed in the Dar Sila area, where Irish soldiers were asked to protect a United Nations-run refugee camp while the insurgents assured them they were heading west and knocked down a government helicopter, the Chad government rejected the insurgents' demands. According to the government of Chad, the helicopter crashed due to a technical problem. On June 11, 2008, the Irish battalion claimed to have been informed of fighting between the insurgents and helicopters of the Chadian government in Modeina , 70 km northeast of Goz Beïda . Three days later, on June 14, 2008, the Irish answered the fire in Goz Beïda that had been captured by the rebels shortly before. The following day, June 15, 2008, the insurgents captured Am Dam , 600 km from the capital, Ndjamena . On June 16, 2008, they announced the conquest of Biltine . On June 17, 2008, Mahamat Hissene , Chadian communications minister , accused the Sudanese army of assisting the rebels with two helicopters in the attack on Bakout . On the same day, the rebels claimed that they had captured the city of Am Zoer and captured a senior Chadian army officer. The following day the Chadian army announced that they had chased away the rebels and had won a decisive victory in Am Zoer.
Development in 2009
In mid-January 2009 the Union of Resistance Forces ( Union des forces de la résistance , UFR) was formed, an alliance of eight armed rebel movements. On January 24, 2009, the Movements appointed Timan Erdimi , a nephew of President Idriss Déby , to head that alliance. A few hours after this appointment, Timan Erdimi's older sister was murdered in the capital, Ndjamena .
In early May, Chad accused Sudan of controlling armed troops in the east of the country, hours after the two countries reached an agreement to end the use of force against each other. Sudan denied that its troops were in Chadian territory and that the country had an obligation to abide by the Doha cessation of hostilities and the end of the use of force. However, French reports said that on May 4, 2009, armed troops moved into Chad. On May 6, 2009, the insurgents confirmed that they were marching into the capital, Ndjamena , which their spokesman Ali Ordjo Hemchi described as the "ultimate goal." The Union of Resistance Forces also confirmed that its troops had encountered Chadian government forces in the southeastern Salamat region . In the statement, the rebels also stated that they had got their hands on twelve army vehicles and destroyed nine other army vehicles in an armed conflict between the cities of Tissi and Haraz-Mangue , during which government troops had fled. However, the Chadian army stated that on May 7, 2009 , 241 people were killed in fighting near Am-Deressa , 10 km south of Am-Dam . A statement during a broadcast on national radio stated that 220 rebels and 21 military personnel had died. According to the Chadian military, more than 100 rebel vehicles were also destroyed in the battle and that the military had achieved a "decisive victory". A BBC correspondent said she saw only about 50 bodies around the remains of the rebel's burned-out vehicles.
On May 16 and 17, 2009, the Chadian Air Force carried out three air strikes on Sudanese territory. Ali Sadiq, the spokesman for the Sudanese foreign minister, said the Chadian planes carried out attacks 60 km in Sudan, describing the attacks as an act of war with casualties, while another official said no one was wounded.
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2006/01/200849135456744628.html
- ↑ Camera letter inzake Nederlandse bijdrage aan de militaire operatie van de EU in Tsjaad en de Centraal Afrikaanse Republiek (EUFOR Tchad / RCA) ( Memento of the original from February 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ BBC NEWS | Africa | Darfur conflict zones map
- ↑ BBC NEWS | Africa | Chad troops battle against rebels
- ↑ Al Jazeera Deutsch - News - Chad's Spiralling Conflict
- ↑ Chad fightback 'kills 300 rebels' , BBC News. December 20, 2005.
- ↑ CHAD-SUDAN: Army chases rebels into Neighboring Sudan , told IRIN. December 20, 2005.
- ↑ http://www.france24.com/en/20090506-rebels-advancing-toward-capital-tchad-chad-sudanese-objective-ndjamena-kouchner
- ↑ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2009/05/20095615937212706.html
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8041908.stm
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8052937.stm
