Yue (popular name)

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The Qin Empire and the Yue Tribes, 210 BC

Yue ( Chinese  越 historical synonym 粵  /  粤 , Yuè , Vietnamese Việt ) was a collective term used by Chinese chroniclers for non-Chinese largely Austro-Asian ( Vietnamese) ethnic groups (" barbarians ") in today's southern China and in the north of today's Vietnam.

The term is first proven for the late Shang dynasty , but initially referred to groups northwest of the Shang empire. In the early 8th century BC A people on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River was called Yángyuè ( 揚 越  /  扬 越 , viet. Dương Việt ). From the 7th to the 4th century BC The state of Yúyuè ( 於 越  /  於 越 , viet. Ư Việt ) existed at the mouth of the Yangtze River. Over time, the term was carried over to non- Sinic or only partially Sinic cultural communities further south.

In around 239 BC The book Lüshi chunqiu , which was published in BC, is the first of the " Hundred Yue tribes - Bǎiyuè ", ( 百越 or 百 粵  /  百 v, viet. Bách Việt , synonym Bǎiyuèzú 百越 族 or 百 粵 族  /  百 粤 ) the speech, which were native to the Lingnan region . This term became widely used during the Qin and Han periods (3rd century BC to 3rd century AD). In contrast to the Chinese, the Bǎiyuè wore their hair short, tattooed their skin, lived in settlements in bamboo pile construction and knew neither bows and arrows nor horses or carts, but they distinguished themselves in shipbuilding.

Important subgroups were the Mǐnyuè ( 閩越  /  闽越 , viet. Mân Việt ), the Shānyuè ( 山 越 , viet. Sơn Việt ), the Luòyuè ( 雒 越 or 駱越  /  骆越 , viet. Lạc Việt ), the Ōuyuè ( 甌 越  /  瓯 越 , viet. Âu Việt ) and especially the Nányuè ( 南越 , viet. Nam Việt ). Until the beginning of the 1st century BC The south-expanding Han dynasty had largely subdued these groups.

The ethnic-linguistic assignment of the Baiyue is controversial in science; The relationship between the individual subgroups is just as unclear - i.e. the question of whether it is a common cultural community or several unrelated peoples. Most of the time, the Yue are seen partly as Austro-Asian (Mon-Khmer) and partly as Tai-Kadai -speaking ethnic groups. Recent genetic studies link the Baiyue the east coast with both the Tai-Kadai-people of Li on Hainan and with the Austronesian aborigines of Taiwan . The Baiyue in the interior, however, with Austro-Asian peoples , especially with early Vietnamese . Genetic studies of the Wucheng culture show strong similarities with the Vietnamese. The Tai-Kadai people of the Zhuang are one of the direct descendants of the Baiyue and now live mainly in Guangxi but also in most other parts of China.

The Luòyuè (viet. Lạc Việt ), the Ōuyuè (viet. Âu Việt ) and the Nányuè (viet. Nam Việt ) are considered the ancestors of the Vietnamese in Vietnamese historiography . It is more likely, however, that only the Chinese foreign name Yue / Việt was adopted by local proto-Vietnamese ethnic groups in the area of ​​the central reaches and delta of the Red River . Their language - the original Vietnamese - originated further south in the central Vietnamese-Laotian highlands and from there went north into the delta, so it was certainly not spoken by the eponymous Yue / Viendent, who migrated to the region from the opposite direction were.

After the Vietnamese gained their independence after about a thousand years of Chinese rule, the name Đại Việt ( 大 越 , Dàyuè  - "Great Yue") established itself as the name of their state . In the 19th century, the current country name Việt Nam / Vietnam ( 越南 , Yuènán  - "Southern Yue") emerged from this. The Chinese abbreviation Yue ( 粵  /  粤 ) for the province of Guangdong and the Cantonese spoken there are also derived from the historical popular name.

literature

  • William Meacham: Defining the Hundred Yue , In: Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association , Issue 15, 1996, pp. 93-100 ( full text available online )

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ulrich Theobald: Yue 越 (www.chinaknowledge.de). Retrieved October 28, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Robin Hutcheon: China-Yellow , Chinese University Press, 1996, p. 4;
    Ben Kiernan: A History of Vietnam, 211 BC to 2000 AD , Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 49
  3. ^ DNA Analysis Reveals Taiwanese Have Ancestors on Mainland. Retrieved April 11, 2017 .
  4. ↑ Hui Li, Ying Huang, Laura F Mustavich, Fan Zhang, Jing-Ze Tan: Y chromosomes of Prehistoric People along the Yangtze River . tape 122 , December 1, 2007 ( researchgate.net [accessed February 19, 2018]).
  5. ↑ Jing Chen, Hui Li, Zhen-Dong Qin, Wen-Hong Liu, Wei-Xiong Lin: Y-chromosome genotyping and genetic structure of Zhuang populations . In: Yi Chuan Xue Bao = Acta Genetica Sinica . tape 33 , no. December 12 , 2006, ISSN  0379-4172 , p. 1060-1072 , doi : 10.1016 / S0379-4172 (06) 60143-1 , PMID 17185165 .
  6. ↑ Ben Kiernan: A History of Vietnam, 211 BC to 2000 AD , Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 47–51