Benutzer:Peter Littmann/Liste arabischer Wissenschaftler und Lehrer

This is a list of scientists and scholars from the Arab World and Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) that lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age, consisting primarily of scholars during the Middle Ages. In some cases, their exact ancestry in unclear. Notice:

• Both the Arabic and Latin names are given.
• The following Arabic naming articles are not used for indexing:

• Al - the
• ibn, bin, banu - son of
• abu - father of, the one with

• When entering new names: to make the list consistent and easy to navigate please try to follow the Entries Format for the List of Arab scientists and scholars.

A

• Ahmad al-Qalqashandi (1355 or 1356, Nile Delta, Egypt – 1418)
• Abd el-Latif el-Baghdadi (1162, Baghdad, Iraq – 1231)

al-Baghdadi (Arabic,عبداللطيف البغدادي), born in Baghdad, Iraq, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist and traveler, and one of the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.

• Abdel Rahman Badawi (February 17, 1917 – July 25, 2002)
• Ahmad Bilal Yousaf (April 18, 1721 – January 21, 1782)
• 1908- 2002) حسن الأمين - رحالةً وأديباً ومؤرخاً, Link to PDF Book (17 MB).
• Alsayed Ali Ahmad Alshaykh (1759, Alexandria, Egypt – 1848)
• Ahmed Zewail (born February 26, 1946 in Damanhour, Egypt)
• Ahmed Gaffer Hegazi (born May 31, 1948 in El Mansurah, Egypt)
• Abdel Wahab Elmessiri (1938 - July 2, 2008, Cairo, Egypt)
• ʿAbbās al-ʿAqqād (June 28, 1889 – March 12, 1964)
• Abulcasis - See Al-Zahrawi.
• Ahmad ibn Fadlan (10th century, Baghdad,Iraq)

Writer and traveler who wrote an account of his travels as a member of an embassy of the Caliph of Baghdad to the king of the Volga Bulgars.

• Ahmad Fakhri (1905, Egypt – 1973)
• Ahmad ibn Majid (1432, Ras al-Khaimah, UAE - 1500,?)

Was one of the most famous Arab navigators. He became famous in the West as the navigator who has been associated with helping Vasco da Gama find his way from Africa to India. He was the author of nearly 40 works of poetry and prose. His most important work was Kitab al-Fawa’id fi Usul ‘Ilm al-Bahr wa ’l-Qawa’id (Book of Useful Information on the Principles and Rules of Navigation), written in 1490.

• Ahmed ibn Yusuf (835, Baghdad - 912, Egypt) - Mathematician.
• Ahmed Kamal (Egyptologist) (Arabic: أحمد كمال‎, July 29, 1851 – August 5, 1923)
• Ali Ben Isa (9th century)

He was an Astronomer. Together with Khalid Ben Abdulmelik in 827, he measured the Earth's circumference, getting a result of 40,248 km (or, according to other sources, 41,436 km).

He made one of the earliest examples of a parachute.

• Al-Asma'i (739, Basra, Iraq - 831, Basra, Iraq)

Considered as the first Muslim scientist who contributed to Zoology, Botany and Animal Husbandry. His famous writings include Kitab al-Ibil, Kitab al-Khalil, Kitab al-Wuhush, Kitab al-Sha, and Kitab Khalq al-Insan. The last book on human anatomy demonstrates his considerable knowledge and expertise on the subject.

• Aziz Suryal Atiya (July 5, 1898 - September 24, 1988)

B

• Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi (980, Baghdad, Iraq - 1037, ? )

He wrote about different systems of arithmetic in a work of great importance in the history of mathematics.

• Al-Baqillani (?, Basra, Iraq - 1013, Basra, Iraq)

Muslim theologian. He introduced the conceptions of atoms and vacuum into the Kalam. He extended atomism to time and motion, conceiving them as essentially discontinuous. Once when he entered the court of the Roman Emperor while he was among his Christian monks and priests, he mockingly said to one of the priests: "How are you? How are your family and children?" to illustrate a point.

D

• Ibn Duraid (837, Basra, Iraq - 934, Baghdad, Iraq)

He was a geographer, genealogist, poet, and philologist. He wrote a large Arabic dictionary, "The Collection on the Language". He also wrote on the genealogy of the Arab tribes.

E

• Elsayed Elsayed Wagih (21 November 1946, Alexandria, Egypt)

(Ph.D, DIC, CIDTT)is an Egyptian Professor of Virology and Biotechnology and vice President of the Arab Society for Biotechnology. He was born in Alexandria, Egypt, on the 21st of November, 1946. In 1970, he received a B.Sc. in Plant Pathology from University of Alexandria and in 1975, he gained an M.Sc. degree in Plant Bacterial Diseases from the same university. In 1981 he reveived a PhD degree in Virology from the Imperial College of Science, University of London and was awarded in the same year a DIC from the Royal College of Science, University of London. In March 2008 he gained a CIDTT (Cambridge International Diploma for Teaching and Training) degree from University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.

• Eman Ghoneim

is an experienced Egyptian geomorphologist with a primary focus on the application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing and the use of Hydrologic modeling in Flash flood hazard and Groundwater exploration in arid environments.

G

• Gamal Hemdan (February 2, 1928 - April 17, 1993)

was a prominent Egyptian geographer

H

• Haly Abenragel (Abû l-Hasan 'Alî ibn Abî l-Rijâl) (? - 1037, Kairouan, Tunisia)

He was an Arab astrologer of the late 10th and early 11th century, best known for his Kitāb al-bāri' fi akhām an-nujūm.

• Alhazen (Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham( (965 - 1039, Basra, Cairo)

He made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to physics, anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his early application of the scientific method. He is sometimes called al-Basri (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra.[10] He was also nicknamed Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy the Second")[11] or simply "The Physicist" in medieval Europe.

• Hamed Goher (born 1907-1994)

was an Egyptian oceanographer, scientist and TV presenter. He appeared for over 18 years in his program 'The world of the seas'.

• Hassan Hanafi (born 1935 in Cairo, Egypt)

is a professor and chairs the philosophy department at Cairo University. He is a leading authority on modern Islam.

• Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar (786 – 833)

An Arab mathematician.

• Al-Hamdani (893, Yemen - 945, Sanaa, Yemen)

Was a geographer, poet, grammarian, historian, and astronomer, who was one of the best representative of Islamic culture during the last effective years of the Abbasid caliphate.

• Ibn Hubal (1122, Baghdad, Iraq - 1213)

He was an Arab physician and scientist known primarily for his medical compendium titled Kitab al-Mukhtarat fi al-tibb, "The Book of Selections in Medicine." It was written in 1165 in Mosul, Iraq.

I

• Ikhwan al-Safa اخوان الصفا وخلان الوفا (The Brethren of Purity) (Basra, Iraq)

A group of neo-Platonic Arabic philosophers during the 10th century.

• Al-Idrisi (1099, Ceuta, Maghreb - 1166 CE, Sicily)

Considered the greatest geographer and cartographer of the middle Ages. Al-Idrisi constructed a world globe map of 400 kg pure silver and precisely recorded on it the "seven inhabitated regions" with trade routes, lakes and rivers, major cities, and plains and mountains. His world maps were used in Europa for centuries to come. It is worth mentioning that Christopher Columbus used the world map which was originally taken from Al-Idrisi's work. He also contributed to the science of medicinal plants. Through the Hammudids, he claimed both Arab and Berber descent.

• Ibn Abi Ishaq (died AD 735)

An Arab grammarian and is the earliest known grammarian of the Arabic language.

J

• Al-Jahiz (776, Basra, Iraq - 869, Basra, Iraq)

He was an Arabic prose writer, historian, biologist, and author of works on adab, Mu'tazili theology, politico-religious polemics, and evolution.

• Al-Jawhari, Abu Alabbas (ca. 800-860) was a 9th century Arab mathematician. He lived and worked in Damascus and Baghdad.He is known for writing a book, Commentary on Euclid's Elements.

K

• Khalil ibn Ahmad (c. 718, Oman – c. 791)

He was writer and philologist from southern Arabia (modern day Oman) who compiled the first dictionary of the Arabic language, the Kitab al-Ayn.

• Al-Kindi (c. 801, Kufa, Iraq – 873, Bahgdad, Iraq)

The first Arab philosopher and a gifted mathematician, astronomer, physician and geographer, as well as a talented musician. He wrote the first treatise on cryptography, cryptanalysis and frequency analysis.

• Ibn Khaldun (May 27, 1332, Tunis - March 19, 1406, Cairo, Egypt)

A polymath who is considered the father of demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history, sociology, and the social sciences, and he is considered a forerunner of modern economics. He is best known for his Muqaddimah (Prolegomena in Latin).

L

• Labīd ibn rabi'a

M

• Moustafa Mosharafa Born 11 July 1898 Damietta, Egypt.
• Mostafa El-Sayed .
• Al-Masudi ( ?, Baghdad, Iraq - 957, Cairo, Egypt)

Was a historian, geographer and philosopher. Born in Baghdad, he traveled to Spain, Russia, India, Sri Lanka and China and spent his last years in Syria and Egypt.

• Al-Mawardi Known in Latin as Alboacen (972, Basra, Iraq - 1058, Iraq)

He was one of the most famous thinkers in political science in the middle Ages. He was also a great sociologist, jurist, and mohaddith. He served as Chief Justice at Baghdad and as an ambassador of the Abbasid Caliph to several important and powerful Muslim states. Al-Mawardi made original contributions in political science and sociology. In these fields, he wrote three monumental works: Kitab al-Ahkam al-Sultania, Qanun al-Wazarah, and Kitab Nasihat al-Mulk. Al-Mawardi formulated the principles of political science. His books deal with duties of the Caliphs, the chief minister, the cabinet, and the responsibility of and relationship between the government and citizens. He has discussed the affairs of state in both peace and war. Kitab Aadab al-Dunya wa al-Din was his another masterpiece in Ethics. He was the author and supporter of the Doctrine of Necessity.

• Ma Yize (ca. 910, ? - 1005, China)

An important astronomer and astrologist who worked as the chief official of the astronomical observatory of the Song dynasty.

• Muhammad Al-Muqaddasi (946 CE, Jerusalem, Palestine - ?)

Notable medieval Arab geographer, author of Ahsan at-Taqasim fi Ma`rifat il-Aqalim (The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions)

N

• Ibn al-Nafis (1213, Damascus, Syria - 1288, Cairo, Egypt)

An physician who was the first to describe the pulmonary circulation and the capillary and coronary circulations, which form the basis of the circulatory system, for which he is considered the father of circulatory physiology. He also discovered the concept of metabolism and discredited many of the erroneous doctrines upheld by Galen and Avicenna in anatomy, physiology and psychology. His 300-volume medical encyclopedia, The Comprehensive Book on Medicine, was one of the largest in history. He also wrote the first theological and science fiction novel, Theologus Autodidactus, and he was a polymath who wrote on many other different subjects, including Sharia, Fiqh, science of hadith, ophthalmology, philosophy, logic, sociology, science, cosmology, geology, Arabic grammar and Muslim history.

• Ahmad Reda 1872, Nabatiye, Lebanon - 1953, Nabatiye, Lebanon)

A prominent writer and linguist. Wrote "Matn al-lugha", first Arabic dictionary since "Lisan al-Arab" that was assembled in the 13th century.

S

• Sameera Moussa March 3, 1917-August 5, 1952.
• Ibn al-Shatir (1304,Damascus - 1375, Syria, Damascus)

Was an astronomer who worked as a timekeeper in the Umayyad Mosque. His most famous work was kitab nihayat as-sul fi tashih al-usul ("A Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary Theory"). In treating the motion of the Moon, he eliminated the need for an equant by introducing an extra epicycle, departing from the Ptolemaic system in a way very similar to what Copernicus later also did. He also proposed a system that was only approximately geocentric, rather than exactly so, having demonstrated trigonometrically that the Earth was not the exact center of the universe. The discovery and the whole concept of planetary motion is attributed to Kepler and Copernicus while unfairly not crediting the contribution of Ibn Al-Shatir.

• Ibn Sahl (ca. 940 - 1000)

Mathematician who wrote a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lense. Rashed (1990) credited Ibn Sahl with discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law.

T

• Taha Hussein Born 1889 / Died 1973.
• Taqi al-Din (1526, Damascus, Syria - 1585, Istanbul, Turkey)

A polymath who invented a practical steam turbine and steam engine, self-rotating spit, six-cylinder 'Monobloc' pump, partial vacuum pump, mechanical alarm clock, spring-powered astronomical clock, pocket watch measured in minutes, mechanical "observational clock" measured in minutes and seconds; provided experimental proof of specular reflection, almost formulated Snell's law, and estimated the speed of light; obtained the precise value of Sin 1°; and built the Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din, where he constructed highly accurate sextants and other astronomical instruments, and produced the most accurate Zij and astronomical catalogue of the 16th century.

• Ibn Al-Thahabi (?, Suhar, Oman - 1033 CE, Valencia, Spain)

Was a physician, famous for his work Kitab Al-Ma'a (The Book of Water), which is the first known alphabetical encyclopedia of medicine. In it he lists the names of diseases, its medicine and a physiological process or a treatment, and adds numerous original ideas about the function of the human organs. Indeed, he explains an original idea of how the vision takes place, similar to Ibn al-Haitham. It also contains a course for the treatment psychological symptoms. The main thesis of his treatment is that the cure must start from controlled food and exercise, and if the symptoms persist then use specific individual medicines.

U

• Al-Uqlidisi (920, Damascus, Syria - 980, Damascus, Syria)

Wrote two works on arithmetic. He may have anticipated the invention of decimals.

• Usamah ibn Munqidh (1095–1188, Damascus, Syria), an Arab historian, politician, and diplomat
• Ibn Abi Usaibia (1203–1270, Damascus, Syria), an Arab physician and Historian. He wrote Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba or Lives of the Physicians.

W

• Waddah al-Yaman (Yemen,? - Syria,Damscus,709)

He was an Arabic poet, famous for his erotic and romantic poems.

Y

• Yusuf al-Mutamin,was a mathematician He wrote Kitab al-Istikmal (Book of Perfection) in mathematics.

Z

• Al-Zahrawi (936, Cordoba, Spain - 1013, Cordoba, Spain)

Was Islam's greatest medieval surgeon, whose comprehensive medical texts, combining Middle-Eastern, Indian and Greco-Roman classical teachings, shaped European surgical procedures until the Renaissance. He is considered the "father Of surgery". His greatest contribution to history is Al-Tasrif, a thirty-volume collection of medical practice.

See also

• Islamic science
• List of Muslim scientists
• List of Iranian scientists and scholars
• List of famous Arabs