Bornholm

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Bornholmisch ( Bornholmsk ) is an East Danish dialect that is spoken on the Danish island of Bornholm and is closely related to both the Danish and Swedish languages .

Since Bornholm is considered a Nordic dialect , the Danish government rejects a status as a minority language .

history

As a result of the Swedish occupation of Schonen , Halland and Blekinge in 1658, the dialect became increasingly isolated and is the only surviving variant of East Danish in what is now Denmark, which in turn was strongly influenced by the Swedish language.

Due to immigration from Denmark and the influence of the mass media, the Bornholm dialect has been dwindling over the last 60 years, like most of the Danish dialects, especially among the younger generation, who increasingly speak the Copenhagen variant of Standard Danish because they are associated with a higher social prestige. Danes from the rest of the country often accuse the Bornholmers of speaking Swedish and denigrate the dialect as reservesvensk ("substitute Swedish ").

In order to increase the prestige and to counteract the extinction of the dialect, KulturBornholm , the umbrella organization for cultural associations on the island , has set itself the goal of preserving Bornholm as a living language by contributing to the preservation of the dialect through publications and media work.

Classification: Danish or Swedish

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Bornholm is one of the dialects that are hardest for Danes to understand. It is therefore often seen as a separate language when a language is defined as the sum of the dialects that are mutually understandable , with the boundary between dialect and language being fluid and subjective. Swedes and Norwegians understand the Bornholm dialect far better than the Danes.

However, the question of whether the Bornholm dialect (as in the case of the closely related Skåne language ) corresponds more closely to Danish or the Swedish spoken in southern Sweden cannot be separated from political or ideological guiding principles if language is used as an ethnological characteristic understands.

From a linguistic point of view, the Scandinavian languages ​​form a dialect continuum , where Scandinavian and Bornholmisch form a bridge between sjællandsk (" Zealand "), the dialect from the Danish island of Zealand , and götamål ("Göta language"), the dialect of the southern Swedish part of Götaland .

Bornholmisch shares with Danish the weakening of explosive sounds ( plosives ) with certain sound changes and certain innovations in the vocabulary. In addition, the dialect uses Standard Danish as its written standard, which is not the case with Scandinavian, whereby from a Danish point of view the southern Swedish dialects Scandinavian, Halländisch and Blekingisch are also counted as East Danish.

features

vocabulary

In addition to loan words from German , Dutch and French , the dialect also knows many of its own typical island words. In addition, in contrast to Imperial Danish (Rigsdansk) , the dialect still has many outdated words ( archaisms ) from the Old Norse language , which is due to its isolated location. Wherever the vocabulary differs between Danish and Swedish, the proximity of Bornholm to the Danish language becomes apparent.

pronunciation

In pronunciation, the Bornholm dialect shares many features with Swedish, such as: B. the two tonal accents in the Scandinavian languages , the contrast of which creates the typical Swedish "singsang". There is also no Danish shock tone (stød) in the Bornholm dialect.

orthography

There is no standardized spelling of Bornholm. Hence, the dialect is generally spoken rather than written, apart from various dictionaries and articles in local newspapers. Words that do not exist in standard Danish are also based on the Danish orthography .

Examples

Inflection of the article

A noticeable difference to standard Danish is that the dialect has three grammatical genders ( genera ), similar to the German , Norwegian , Icelandic and old Swedish languages.

Adjectives are inflected according to the three genders.

items Bornholmsk Danish Swedish German
indefinite singular , masculine ejn horra en tight en pojke a boy
indefinite singular, feminine en peia en pige en flicka a girl
indefinite singular, neuter et húz et hus ett hus a house
definite singular, masculine horr ijn dreng en pojk en the boy
definite singular, feminine pei on pig en flick on the girl
definite singular, neuter húz ed hus et hus et the house
certain plural , masculine horr ana tight ne pojk arna the boys
certain plural, feminine peij arna piger ne flick orna the girls
definite plural, neuter húz en huse ne hus en the houses

Numerals

number Bornholmsk Danish Swedish Atomic number Bornholmsk Danish Swedish
1 en en en 1. fårsta / fåsta forest första
2 to to två 2. to (d) ra to the andra
3 tre tre tre 3. treðe (, treðje) tredje tredje
4th fira fire fyra 4th fjære fjerde fjärde
5 fæm fem fem 5. fænte femte femte
6th sajs (sæks) sec sex 6th sjæte sjette sjetzt
7th sju syv sju 7th sjuene syvende sjunde
8th åta otte åtta 8th. åtene ottende åttonde
9 ni ni nio 9. no niende nionde
10 ti ti tio 10. tiene doings tionde
11 æleva elleve elva 11. ælvute ellevte eleventh
12 valley tolv tolv 12. talte tolvte tapped
13 trætan pedal tretton 13. trætene stepping trettonde
14th fjaurtan fjorten fjorton 14th fjaurtene fjortende fjortonde
15th fæmtan distant femton 15th fæmtene femtende femtonde
16 sajstan seksten sexton 16. sajstene seeping sex probe
17th søtan sytten sjutton 17th søtene syttende sjuttonde
18th atan atten arton 18th atene attende artonde
19th nøtan nitten nitton 19th nøtene nodding nittonde
20th kyve tyve tjugo 20th kyvene tyvende tjugonde
30th træðua tredive trettio 30th træðevte tredivte trettionde

Example sentences

Bornholmsk Danish German
God awtan liden Elna, gods fredd God aften, lille Elna, guds fred Good evening, little Elna, (in) God's peace
God awtan, min deilia rosa! God aften, min dejlige rose! Good evening, my beautiful rose!
Ad gubbajn hajn vill freia, jâ vedd; At gubben vil fri, ved jeg that the old man wants (you) free, I know
Men toustuijn, vastu jo tosa. Men tog du ham, var du jo en tosse But if you took it, you'd be a fool
Te öfröl ded lakkar vell snarara, you, Til gravøl lakker det nok snarere, you That fits better with the funeral feast, you
En konna - ded bler nokk for sijlla; En kone - det bliver nok for silde A woman - it will (be) too late
Men jâ går å stjärnar på piblana nu, Men any går and kigger på pigerne nu, But I go and look at the girls now
Forr jâ e nå nu så vijlla. For nu er jed næsten i stood dertil (til at gifte mig) 'Cause now I'm almost ready to (get married)
Hvad, liden Elna, Hvad, lille Elna, What, little Elna,
Hvad, min deilia rosa? Hvad, min dejlige rose? What, my beautiful rose?

Sample words

Bornholmsk Danish Swedish German
bella børn barn children
fiska fiske taxar fishes
gjår hegn / stengærde / Gør staket Fence, stone wall, but also "Do!" or "Do!"
jylkat pindsvin igelkott Hedgehog
Pibla Piger flicka girl
prøva prøve pröva rehearse, try
pæng-a penge pengar money
sjilt skilt skylt sign
tjovl kjole sounding dress
Tjør! Kør! Kör! Go!
Tjøvenhavn København Koepenhamn Copenhagen
tov tog tog took u. Ä.
tåg ( g is emphasized) tog Day train
vaejta vinke vinka beckon

Subdialects

There are five different subdialects on Bornholm. There is a clear difference in the pronunciation of the words ædja or ævja (instead of Danish: tang for “pliers” or “seaweed”) or Pibel or Peia (instead of pige for “girl”) in the villages of Gudhjem in the north and Pedersker in the south. In Rønne , the largest city on the island, Rønne-fint is spoken, a variant of the Bornholm dialect that lacks many inflections and is spoken quickly and inarticulate, which is why it is closer to the standard Danish language. The north of the island is more strongly influenced by Swedish, because many Swedes immigrated there in the previous centuries. Therefore, the dialect in the Allinge area is called Âlinga-svænsk (Danish: Allinge-svensk ; German: "Allinge-Swedish"). The dialect in its “unspoiled” way is called tykt bornholmsk (roughly “thick Bornholmisch”).

literature

Web links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ a b Nordisk Forskningsinstitut at the University of Copenhagen at the request of the state Dansk Sprognævn , the Danish language commission, see: Indenrigs- og Sundhedsministeriet: Bornholmsk in Danmarks tredje rapport i henhold til den europæiske pagt om regional sprog eller mindretalssprog (PDF; 233 kB), Page 7, April 2010 (Danish), accessed July 2010.