Sphagnum fuscum

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Sphagnum fuscum
Systematics
Class : Sphagnopsida
Order : Sphagnales
Family : Sphagnaceae
Genre : Peat Moss ( Sphagnum )
Section : Sphagnum sect. Acutifolia
Type : Sphagnum fuscum
Scientific name
Sphagnum fuscum
( Schimp. ) H.Klinggr.
Sphagnum fuscum in the Polish Wdecki Park Krajobrazowy (German Landscape Protection Park Schwarzwasser )
Sphagnum fuscum in the Polish Wdecki Park Krajobrazowy (German Landscape Protection Park Schwarzwasser )

Sphagnum fuscum is a peat moss thatbelongsto the deciduous moss with its genus Sphagnum . This species is called “brown peat moss” in German-speaking regions.

description

Features of the plant

Sphagnum fuscum is a species of peat moss that, depending on its habitat and growth phase, can have a greenish-brown or reddish-brown color. The plants are small, up to 12 cm high, and slender with normal density. When dry, they show little or no metallic sheen. The “heads” or “terminal buds” in the form of a palm-like crown at the tip of the stems are narrow and flattened at the tip.

Due to some significant morphological differences, the division into two different types was considered, but could not be carried out in the end. As a result, one can describe two very different populations with a dark reddish-brown or brown-green color of the trunk within this species ; the closing fabric of the stem is smooth and does not form pores in either variant . The stem leaves have a tongue-like shape with spiky or slightly serrated edges and a length of 0.8 to 1.3 millimeters. They differ in terms of either a broad slashed to fringed or a pointed, sometimes slightly prickly, slightly toothed and notched tip. The hyaline cells on the convex surface are rhombic in shape, either not divided or divided once or twice, and usually do not contain any wall-reinforcing fibrils.

The branches are attached to the trunks in whorls with two protruding and one or two hanging branches. These either have no branches or are up to five rows.

The leaves on the branches are ovate-lanceolate and 1.1–1.3 millimeters long. The tip is strongly curled and the leaf margins are smooth over the entire margin. The hyaline cells on the convex surface of the branch leaf are provided with fibrils and round to elliptical pores along the adjoining chlorocytes ; these pores are larger at the base than near the tip of the leaf. On the concave surface there are large, round pores near the leaf edge.

Sexual characteristics

Sphagnum fuscum is dioecious . The branches carrying antheridia resemble the vegetative branches and are yellowish-brown in color. The tepals are small and broadly ovate; the perichaetial gametangia leaves, however, are large and broadly elliptical. The spore capsules ripen in late summer. The spores have dimensions of 17 to 30 µm, are yellowish and have a warty surface of varying degrees.

Location and distribution

Sphagnum fuscum grows in a circumpolar manner in acidic and mostly nutrient-poor, ombrotrophic low and raised bogs with pH values of 3.4 to 7.5. Other habitats are shady, wet soils under forests. It inhabits both low and medium altitudes and altitudes up to the montane altitude level .

Seen worldwide, the species can be found on the continents of Eurasia and America . Specifically, China , Japan , the Russian Far East and Europe are named. On the American continent, the species is described in Greenland , Canada and the USA . In Europe, for example, it is listed in Norway , Finland , Sweden , Denmark , Poland , Germany , Austria and Switzerland .

Sphagnum fuscum is connected to the narrow-peat moss or Kurzblättrigen peat moss, the deceptive peat moss or deceptive peat moss, the Magellan peat moss or the Middle peat moss, the warty peat moss , and less frequently in nutrient-rich habitats with teres Sphagnum and Warnstorfs peat moss ( sphagnum warnstorfii ) associated.

Systematics

Sphagnum fuscum is a peat moss that is assigned to the genus Sphagnum and also to the Acutifolia section within the monogeneric family Sphagnaceae . Sphagnum acutifolium var. Fuscum Schimp are synonyms . , Sphagnum tenuifolium Warnst. and Sphagnum vancouveriense Warnst. cited.

Hazardous situation and protective measures

The stock situation of Sphagnum fuscum is characterized by the reduction in populated wet areas. The species is referred to as "critically endangered" in Germany's national red list and is also included in the red lists of some German countries. The Swiss Red List rates the situation of this peat moss species as "vulnerable". In the United States, Sphagnum fuscum is reported as Endangered by the state of North Carolina .

Like all peat mosses, Sphagnum fuscum is protected on a European level by the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive No. 92/43 / EEC in the updated version of January 1, 2007 with extraction regulations and habitat safeguards.

The Federal Republic of Germany also marks the species as "specially protected", like all species of the genus.

Switzerland also sets up protection rules for all peat moss species and thus also for Sphagnum fuscum and also protects the bogs as a habitat for the peat moss.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Brown peat moss in Bryophyta - Moose. Base data. In: ARTeFAKT facts and data. Rhineland-Palatinate State Institute for the Environment, accessed on September 13, 2010 .
  2. ↑ Klaus Weddeling, Zool. Research institute u. Museum A. Koenig, Bonn & Gerhard Ludwig: Sphagnum ssp. L. Section 2.14 / code 1409 / Annex V . Ed .: Federal Office f. Conservation, Bonn. S. 311 ( weddeling.info [PDF; 55 kB ; accessed on September 13, 2010]).
  3. ↑ GBIF observations. Sphagnum fuscum distribution map . European Environment Agency, accessed September 18, 2010 .
  4. ^ Sphagnum fuscum ("Rusty Peat Moss", "Common Brown Sphagnum"). borealforest.org. In: Common Bryophyte and Lichen Species of the Northwest Forest. Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Canada, accessed September 24, 2010 .
  5. ↑ a b Plants Database: Plants Profile. Sphagnum fuscum . In: NRCS Natural Resources Concervation Service. USDA United States Department of Agriculture, accessed September 13, 2010 .
  6. ↑ Naturhistorisk museum (Natural History Museum) & Universitetet i Oslo (University of Oslo): MOSEHERBARIET (THE BRYOPHYTE HERBARIUM). In: CHECK LIST OF NORWEGIAN MOSSES - SPHAGNATEAE. Retrieved September 16, 2010 ( Sphagnum fuscum in Norway).
  7. ↑ P. Pakarinen, K. Tolonen: Distribution of Lead in Sphagnum fuscum Profiles in Finland . In: Oikos . tape 28 , no. 1 , January 1977, p. 69-73 , doi : 10.2307 / 3543324 , JSTOR : 3543324 (English).
  8. ↑ Genetic variation and population dynamics in Sphagnum fuscum over time and space. Sphagnum fuscum in Sweden. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006 ; Retrieved September 20, 2010 .
  9. ↑ Dr. Ludwig opinion and Wiebke Schröder: Brown peat moss Sphagnum fuscum. (No longer available online.) In: Website of the project “Die Moose Deutschlands”. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016 ; Retrieved on August 2, 2011 (according to information from the distribution atlas of Germany's mosses as of 2007). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / bayern.moose-deutschland.de
  10. ^ Eva Maria Temsch: Sphagnum species in Austria. S. fuscum (chimp) Klinggr. Retrieved October 13, 2011 .
  11. ^ NISM National Inventory of the Swiss Moss Flora. In: website with Sphagnum fuscum. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, accessed on September 16, 2010 .
  12. ↑ a b Online query for “Sphagnum fuscum” in the Red List of Endangered Species in Germany and its federal states. science4you, accessed on September 20, 2010 .
  13. ↑ Lists of particularly protected plant and fungus species in Thuringia. Brown peat moss. (No longer available online.) Free State of Thuringia State Institute for Environment and Geology, archived from the original on November 3, 2013 ; Retrieved November 1, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tlug-jena.de
  14. ↑ Norbert Schnyder, Ariel Bergamini, Heike Hofmann, Niklaus Müller, Cécile Schubiger-Bossard, Edwin Urmi: Red List of Endangered Species in Switzerland: Mosses . Ed .: Federal Office for the Environment, Forests and Landscape BUWAL. Edition 2004, p. 86 ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: bafu.admin.ch [accessed on September 20, 2010]).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bafu.admin.ch
  15. ↑ Directive 92/43 / EEC (Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive) in the consolidated version of January 1, 2007 , accessed on September 20, 2010 . APPENDIX I: Natural habitat types of Community interest, […] → UP AND LOW MOORS → Acid bogs with sphagnum; and APPENDIX V: Animal and plant species of Community interest, the removal of which from nature and use may be the subject of administrative measures → SPHAGNACEAE → Sphagnum L. spp., p. 20 and p. 66.
  16. ↑ Federal Species Protection Ordinance of the Federal Republic of Germany (BArtSchV). Appendix 1 (to § 1), protection status of wild animal and plant species with Sphagnum spp. In: juris. Federal Ministry of Justice, accessed on September 20, 2010 .
  17. ↑ WISIA search service of endangered species. In: WISIA Online. German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, accessed on September 20, 2010 (search for Sphagnum fuscum ).
  18. ↑ Ordinance on nature and homeland protection. Appendix 2 (List of Protected Plants) with Sphagnum ssp. The federal authorities of the Swiss Confederation, accessed on September 20, 2010 .
  19. ↑ Moor inventory based on the "Rothenthurm" article of the Federal Constitution. The federal authorities of the Swiss Confederation, archived from the original on March 13, 2010 ; Retrieved September 20, 2010 .

Web links

Commons : Sphagnum fuscum  - album with pictures, videos and audio files