Boer Republics
Under Boer Republics ( nld. And afr. Boerenrepublieke , occasionally Boer republics or South African Republics ) refers to a number of States in the late 18th and in the 19th century by the Boers (European settlers mostly of Dutch origin) in areas of present-day South Africa and Namibia were founded. The majority of them lasted only a short time, but the two largest - the South African Republic and the Orange Free State - were able to maintain their existence for almost 50 years.
history
One can distinguish two types among the Boer republics: those that arose before the so-called Great Trek , and those that were proclaimed afterwards.
First phase
The Boer Republics of the first kind were founded by colonists who rebelled against the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ). At that time, the latter had sovereignty over the Cape Colony . They were de facto short-lived city-states. These include:
- Republic of Graaff-Reinet , independent from February 6, 1795 to August 22, 1796
- Republic of Swellendam , independent from June to November 1795
Second phase
Territorially much larger and more stable republics were founded in the course of the emigration of the Boers from the Cape Colony after it had finally fallen to Great Britain in 1814 ( annexation of Cape Town ) . The British introduced British law and English as the state language and abolished slavery in 1833 . The latter in particular proved to be disadvantageous for the Boers, whose economic basis was often based on the keeping of native slaves. Enraged by these circumstances, many Boers left the Cape Province in the following years and settled further north, across the Oranje and Vaal rivers .
There the Boers founded their own states:
- 1836 Republic of Winburg until 1844, merged into the Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom
- 1837 Republic of Potchefstroom until 1844, merged into Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom
- 1839 Republic of Natalia to 1843
- 1844 Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom until 1848
- 1847 Republic of Kliprivier until 1848
- 1849 Republic of Zoutpansberg until 1858
- 1849 Republic of Lydenburg until 1860
- 1852 Republic of Utrecht until 1858
- 1852 South African Republic ( Transvaal ) to 1901 (1914–1915)
- 1854 Orange Free State until 1901
- 1882 Stellaland to 1883, incorporated into United States of Stellaland
- 1882 Republic of Goshen to 1883, incorporated into United States of Stellaland
- 1883 United States of Stellaland until 1885
- 1884 Nieuwe Republiek until 1887
- 1885 Republic of Upingtonia until 1887
- 1886 Klein Vrystaat until 1891
Griqua areas
Some state-like communities were founded by so-called Griqua (mixed race):
- Griqualand West or Klipdrift Republic
- Griqualand East or Neu-Griqualand
- Philippolis 1825-1861
- Waterboersland 1813-1871
See also
Web links
- The Boer Republics ( February 14, 2006 memento in the Internet Archive ), facts and figures on some Boer Republics
literature
- General literature
- John Paul : The territorial expansion of British rule in South Africa up to the founding of Rhodesia. A political-geographical study of recent colonial history. Thomas & Hubert, Weida 1927. ( online )
- Cornelius William De Kiewiet: British colonial policy and the South African republics, 1848–1872 Longmans, Green, London 1929
- Augustus Henry Keane: The Boer States. Land and People. Methuen, London 1900 ( PDF file, 13.5 MB )
- M. Hans Kloessel: The South African republics. 2nd Edition. Mayer Leipzig 1890
- Heinrich von Lenk zu Burgheim and Gansheim: The migrations of the Boers to the founding of their states 1652-1854 Reclam, Leipzig 1902
- M. Hans Klössel: The constitution and administration of the South African Boer Free States . Mayer, Leipzig 1896 ( PDF file, 6.5 MB )
- Karl Theodor Wenzelburger: The history of the Boers. Banckwitz, Nuremberg 1902
- George McCall Theal : History of the Emigrant Boers in South Africa. The Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain. Swan Sunshine, London 1888 ( PDF file; 26.5 MB )
- George McCall Theal : History of South Africa . Swan Sunshine, London
- Volume 3. 1795-1834. 1888 ( PDF file; 13.1 MB )
- Volume 4. The Republics and Native Territories from 1854 to 1872. 1900. ( PDF file; 24.3 MB )
- Volume 5. From 1873 to 1884, Twelve Eventful Years, with Continuation of the History of Galekaland, Tembuland, Pondoland, and Bethshuanaland until the Annexation of those Territories to the Cape Colony, and of Zululand until its Annexation to Natal . 1919 Half Volume 1 ( PDF file; 19.3 MB ), Half Volume 2 ( PDF file; 15.4 MB )
- Henry Cloete (Author), W. Brodrick-Cloete (Ed.): The History of the Great Boer Trek and the Origin of the South African Republics . J. Murray London 1900 ( PDF file; 2.9 MB )
- Marthinus Cornelius Ellnarius Van Schoor, Jan Jacobus van Rooyen: Republieke en republikeine . Nasionale Boekhandel Bpk, Cape Town 1960.
- Reginald Ivan Lovell: The Struggle For South Africa, 1875-1899. A Study In Economic Imperialism. Macmillan, New York 1934.
- J. Klok: De Boeren-Republieken in Zuid-Afrika. Hun Ontstaan, Geschiedenis en Vrijheidsoorlogen. Joh. De Liefde, Utrecht 1900.
- JA Vogel: Konstitusionele eksperimente van die Boere. Natal, Winburg en oor die Vaal, 1836–1877. Master's thesis University of Pretoria, Pretoria 1932.
- CJH de Wet: Die Republikeinse konstitusies van Suid-Afrika. Master's thesis University of South Africa, Pretoria, 1936.
- Individual states
- Hans Bornman: Vryburg, 1882–1982. Stadsraad van Vryburg, Vryburg 1982, ISBN 0-620-05988-5 .
- Petrus Naude: Die geskiedenis van Zoutpansberg, 1836-1867 . University of South Africa, Pretoria 1939.
- CG Dennison: History of Stellaland. Now the district of Vryburg, Bechuanaland . Pretorius Brothers, Vryburg 1928.
- Daniel Wilhelmus Krüger: The Republiek Stellaland . University of South Africa, Pretoria 1930 ( online ).
- Ignatius Marthinus Meyer: Die Republiek Land Goosen, 1882-1885 . University of South Africa, Pretoria 1930.
- CL Engelbrecht: Republiek van die Klein-Vrystaat (1886-1891) . Afrikanervolkswag, Orania 2000, ISBN 1-874840-28-8 .
- TA Du Plessis: Die Republiek Lydenburg, 1856-1860 . University of South Africa, Pretoria 2000.
- Andries Petrus Van der Merwe: The voorgeskiedenis van the Republiek Lydenburg . University of Pretoria, Pretoria 1940.
- GDJ Duvenage: The Republiek Lydenburg in Suid-Afrika. Agtergrond, Antstaan en einde . University of South Africa, Pretoria 1966.
- Johannes Lodewikus Kruger Heystek: The Nieuwe Republiek . University of Pretoria, Pretoria 1944.
- City of Utrecht (Ed.): The Utrecht Centenary Souvenir Brochure, 1854-1954 . City of Utrecht, Utrecht 1954.
- City of Lydenburg (Ed.): Lydenburgse Eeufeesgedenkboek, 1850-1950 . City of Lydenburg, Lydenburg 1950.
- Basil James Trewin Leverton, John A. Pringle (Eds.): The Pioneers of Vryheid. The Nieuwe Republiek and its Staats Courant ( Occasional publications of the Natal Museum. Volume 1). Council of the Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg 1974, ISBN 0-620-01205-6 .
- Gerrit H. Jonkers: The New Republic in South Africa 1884–1888. A Historical Overview and an in-depth Investigation on its Stamps and Postal History Schiedam, 1997, ISBN 90-90-10228-0 .
- LB van der Walt: The Ontstaan en groei van Winburg. Nasionale Pers, Bloemfontein 1928.
- Wilhelm Herman Venter: Die geskiedenis van Winburg dead 1902. Master's thesis University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 1974, ( online ).
- Geoffrey Jenkins: A Century of History. The Story of Potchefstroom. Potchefstroom Herald, Potchefstroom 1939.
- EPM Long: The Constitutional Settlement of Natal, 1843-1856 . Master's thesis University of South Africa, Pretoria 1928.