Butyrka
The Butyrka prison ( Russian Бутырская тюрьма, Бутырка ) is a detention center in Moscow .
history
It was built near the Butyrka city gate (Бутырская застава, Butyrskaja Sastava), probably in the 17th century. The current building was built in 1782 on the site of the prison as a fortress and was designed by the architect Matwei Kazakov during the reign of Catherine the Great . The towers of the old fortress were used in the time of Peter the Great for the imprisonment of rebellious strelizos , later hundreds of participants in the Polish January uprising of 1863, as well as members of the Populists of 1883 and participants of the Morosow strike of 1885. Butyrka prison was known for its brutal prison conditions known, any protest was violently suppressed.
During the February 1917 Revolution , Moscow workers freed all political prisoners from the Butyrka. After the October Revolution it remained a political prison and became a transit point for numerous Gulag convicts. During the time of the Great Terror , the Butyrka, designed for 1,000 prisoners, allegedly housed up to 30,000 prisoners, i.e. 275 people per 25-bed cell. ( Joszef Lengyel , 1938)
According to Memorial were after the Second World War up to Stalin about 7,000 people in the Butyrka death in 1953 shot dead , including 1,000 German that after the cremation in time the only Moscow crematorium on the Donskoy cemetery in mass graves were buried.
Today's Butyrka is still a prison and is used as a remand prison; Its official name is "Pretrial Detention Center Number 2" (Russian: Следственный изолятор № 2). According to a 2003 report by the BBC , the cells housed up to 80 people at the time, although they were designed for 20 people each. The employees are underpaid at the equivalent of 160 dollars a month, are accordingly prone to corruption and are recruited outside of the city because of Moscow's relatively high wages.
Known inmates
- Fabian Abrantowitsch , Catholic priest and independence activist of Belarus
- Karl I. Albrecht , Soviet forest engineer, later National Socialist
- Andrei Alexejewitsch Amalrik , historian, writer and dissident (1938–1980)
- Władysław Anders , Polish General and Prime Minister
- Isaak Babel , writer, executed 1940
- Mieczyslaw Boruta-Spiechowicz , Polish general
- Solomon Bregman , member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
- Walerian Czuma , Polish general
- Felix Dzerzhinsky , Cheka founder - one of the few who managed to escape
- Alexander Frison , Catholic bishop from the Odessa region , shot dead in 1937
- Werner Haase , Hitler's attending physician, died there in 1950
- Heinrich Hitler , Adolf Hitler's nephew, died there in 1942
- Vyacheslav Kirillowitsch Iwankow , Russian mafia boss, was included in the law in 1974 in Butyrka as a thief
- Bruno Jasieński , Polish poet and futurist , executed in 1938
- Stanisław Jasiukowicz , Polish minister, martyred to death in 1946
- Nikolai Ivanovich Jeschow , head of the NKVD secret police and co-organizer of the Great Terror, executed in 1940 in the cellar of the prison
- Erwin Köhler , CDU mayor in Potsdam from 1946–1950, was arrested on March 28, 1950 with his wife, both of whom were shot in 1951, against being brought into line with the SED
- Sergei Pavlovich Korolev , Soviet missile designer
- Walter Linse , German lawyer, shot dead in 1953
- Zygmunt Łoziński , beatified Catholic Bishop of Minsk
- Nestor Machno , Ukrainian anarchist
- Sergei Leonidowitsch Magnitsky , Russian lawyer who uncovered the largest corruption case in Russia to date. Imprisoned as a result of his discovery and died in Butyrka in 2009 of refused medical assistance.
- Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky , poet
- Rochus Misch , Hitler's bodyguard and operator, 1946
- Carola Neher , German actress
- Walter Nicolai , German intelligence officer of the First World War , 1947
- Paul Niederkirchner , German communist, brother of Käthe Niederkirchner and son of RGO founder Michael Niederkirchner , imprisoned in 1939 and died while in custody
- Leopold Okulicki , Polish general, last in command of the Armia Krajowa , executed in 1946
- Vladimir Mikhailovich Petlyakov , Soviet aircraft designer
- Jemeljan Iwanowitsch Pugachev , leader of the Cossack uprising 1773–1774
- Bernhard Sarrach , Lieutenant Colonel, member of the Foreign News and Defense Office , died there in 1946
- Varlam Tikhonovich Shalamov , writer
- Alexander Issayevich Solzhenitsyn , writer
- Sergei Tretyakov , Russian avant-garde of the 1920s; threw himself off a prison staircase to avoid execution. (Story controversial)
- Augustinas Voldemaras , former Prime Minister of Lithuania , died in prison after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940
- Erica Wallach , German-American teacher, editor and translator
- Jonas Žemaitis , Lithuanian general, leader of the Lithuanian partisans after World War II, shot dead in 1954
Web links
- Butyrka Detention Center Official Website (Russian)
- Article about the butyrka from the Rossijskaja gaseta (Russian)
- English report from the BBC about the Butyrka on Johnson's Russia list
- Stars and stories from the Butyrka prison on Russia Beyond the Headlines: News from Russia
Coordinates: 55 ° 47 ′ 4 " N , 37 ° 35 ′ 38" E