Carapa guianensis

Carapa guianensis
	Carapa guianensis
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Sapindales (Sapindales)
Family :	Mahogany (Meliaceae)
Genre :	Carapa
Type :	Carapa guianensis
Scientific name
	Carapa guianensis
	Aubl.

Illustration of foliage leaf and fruit

Carapa guianensis or Andiroba is a species ofthe mahogany family (Meliaceae). It is native to South America , especially in the Amazon basin .

description

Appearance and bark

Carapa guianensis grows as a deciduous to semi-evergreen , medium-sized to large tree and reaches heights of usually 35, at most 55 meters. The straight trunk, cylindrical with a diameter of 1 to a maximum of 2 meters, is knot-free up to a height of 20 to 30 meters and has buttress roots up to a height of around 2 meters or is fluted. The grayish to brownish bark is cracked and flaky with age. The young trees have tap roots , but later the roots are more on the surface.

leaf

The relatively large (about 50-90 centimeters), stalked, alternate and helically arranged leaves are pinnate in pairs with a terminal leaflet that has been transformed into a gland. The entire, ovate, lanceolate to elliptical, lanceolate or obovate, lanceolate, 8–18 and short-stalked leaflets are opposite. They are leathery, almost bare and on the top dark green and shiny, rounded to pointed or pointed and about 12-25 centimeters long. There are no stipules . The young leaves are reddish.

Inflorescence and flower

Carapa guianensis is monoecious mixed-sex ( monoecious ). The lateral to almost terminal, relatively large, long inflorescences have the shape of thyrsenic . The relatively small, green-whitish and usually four-fold, fragrant, almost sessile flowers have a double flower envelope . The four-lobed, greenish calyx is small and the greenish petals are boat-shaped. The whitish, about 8 stamens are bell-shaped fused, with a blunt and irregularly slit to notched upper edge. The ovary is on top. The male flowers have a small pistillode and the female antherode. There is a pillow-shaped, lobed discus .

Fruit and seeds

The approximately 6–12 centimeters large, more or less ribbed, brown, woody, bald and rough, blackish, as well as mostly four-part, round, septifragal capsule fruit has two to four, angular and brown seeds (nuts) in each compartment. The capsules don't always open. The approximately 3.5–5.5 centimeters large, chocolate-like, dark to red-brown, variable in shape and round-edged, smooth seeds have a woody sarcotesta . Usually only one or two fruits ripen in a fruit cluster within eight to twelve months. The corky seeds float and are spread across the water , but at least in Costa Rica , agoutis and sometimes pigs are also used to spread the seeds .

Occurrence

Carapa guianensis is widespread in tropical, more northerly South America to Central America and the Caribbean .

Taxonomy

The first publication of Carapa guianensis was in 1775 by Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée Aublet in Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise , 2 (Suppl.), Page 32, Table 387. synonyms for Carapa guianensis are Aublet: Amapa guinaensis (. Aubl) Steud. , Carapa latifolia Willd. ex C.DC. , Carapa macrocarpa Ducke , Carapa nicaraguensis C.DC. , Carapa slateri Standl. , Granatum guianense (Aubl.) Kuntze , Granatum nicaraguense (C.DC.) Kuntze , Guarea mucronulata C.DC. , Persoonia guareoides Willd. , Xylocarpus carapa Spreng.

Trivial names outside of the German-speaking area

Andiroba, Andiroba do igapó, Andiroba saruba, Andirova, Bastard mahagony, Brazilian mahogany, Bois caille, Cachipou, Camacari, Carapá, Carapa rouge, Carapinha, Cedro Bateo, Cedro Macho, Crabwood, Crapo, Fiqueroa, Guino, Iandiroba , Krappa, Mandiroba, Masabaol, Masábolo, Najesi, Nandiroba, Nhandiroba, Noix de Crab, Paramahogany, Penaiba, Randiroba, Requia, Sopo, Tangare, Toldo White Crabwood, Yandiroba, Y-andiroba.

use

Use in medicine

The non-drying andiroba or carapa oil or fat, which is obtained from the seeds , is of particular economic importance . The bitter vegetable fat is used for medicinal purposes (skin injuries, irritations) and to ward off insects, especially mosquitoes . For this it is either applied directly to the skin, or it is processed into candles that are burned to repel mosquitoes . A tree produces an average of around 125 kg of seeds per year, from which, depending on the method, around 8–22 liters of oil are obtained.

From the bark of one is tea produced which is effective against worms and fever.

Use in the wood industry

The medium-hard, slightly reddish wood was previously particularly valued in shipbuilding and was often used for masts. It is also used in the furniture industry in the form of veneers or plywood . It is known as Andiroba or Crabwood .

literature

Tinde R. van Andel: Non-Timber Forest Products of the North-West Distric of Guyana. Part II: A Field guide , The 85 most important NTFP, Dissertation, Utrecht Univ., Tropenbos Guyana Program, 2000, ISBN 90-393-2536-7 , p. 44 ff, online at academia.edu.
Carapa guianensis - data sheet (PDF) at Agroforestry Tree Database (section description, common names, usage).
Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) - data sheet at Raintree - Tropical Plant Database (section description, common names, usage).
The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees. CABI, 2013, ISBN 978-1-78064-236-9 , pp. 98 f.
TD Pennington: Flora da Reserva Ducke, Amazonas, Brasil: Meliaceae. In: Rodriguesia. 57 (2), 2006, pp. 251-366, doi: 10.1590 / 2175-7860200657208 .
MM Maués: Estratégias reprodutivas de espécies arbóreas ea sua importância para o manejo e conservação florestal: Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (Belterra-PA). Dissertation, Univ. de Brasília, 2006, pp. 70 ff, 108–117, online (PDF), at CORE.
I. Ferraz, JL Camargo, P. de T. Barbosa Sampaio: Andiroba Carapa guianensis Aubl. Carapa procera DC Meliaceae. Manual de Sementes da Amazônia, Chapter: Fascículo 1, INPA, 2003, online at researchgate.net.

Web links

Commons : Carapa guianensis - collection of images, videos and audio files

Illustration of Carapa guianensis in v. Martius' Flora Brasiliensis , Vol. 11–1, plate 64 .
Carapa guianensis from Useful Tropical Plants, accessed November 8, 2018.
Carapa guianensis at STRI Data Portal, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (images).
Neotropical Meliaceae at KEW.

Individual evidence

↑ Carapa guianensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
^ Carapa guianensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Sabine Krist: Lexicon of vegetable fats and oils. 2nd Edition. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-1004-1 , pp. 69-72.
↑ Gustav Hefter: Technology of fats and oils. Second volume, Springer, 1908, ISBN 978-3-662-01825-5 (reprint), p. 506 f.

[GRIN-1] Carapa guianensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[biodiversitylibrary-2] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[tropicos-3] Carapa guianensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[4] Sabine Krist: Lexicon of vegetable fats and oils. 2nd Edition. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-1004-1 , pp. 69-72.

[5] Gustav Hefter: Technology of fats and oils. Second volume, Springer, 1908, ISBN 978-3-662-01825-5 (reprint), p. 506 f.