Cataclysta lemnata
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Cataclysta lemnata |
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| ( Linnaeus , 1758) |
Cataclysta lemnata is a butterfly from the family of Crambiden ( Crambidae ). The specific epithet lemnata refers to the main food plants of the species, the duckweed family (Lemnaceae).
features
The moths reach a wingspan of 14 to 16 millimeters for the males and 19 to 23 millimeters for the females. The front wings of the males are almost white. The proximal and distal lines are only very weakly indicated. The submargin line is also only faintly indicated, but a little clearer than the first two mentioned. It is filled with white and has brown edges on the inside. The submarginal area is yellow and has a brownish border on the inside. The front wings of the females are a single color, pale brown. The area of the submargin line is a little paler. The submarginal area is yellow on the inside and has a yellow inner border. The hind wings are white in both sexes. The edge of the antemedial area is interspersed with yellowish-blackish. The proximal line, the discoid spot, and the double distal line are narrow and black. The submarginal area is broad and colored yellow. The inner edge is narrow and blackish. A narrow black line runs parallel to the outer edge on the inside, this contains some white points.
Ocelles are absent. In the males, the antennae are briefly lashed underneath. Each segment is provided with a scale cushion on the top. These are particularly strong at the sensor tip. The maxillary palps are quite small, the proboscis is comparatively short and is hidden. The labial palps have a long, densely scaled end member. The spur formula of the tibia is 0-2-4. An epiphysis is present. The veins R 2 to R 4 are petiolate on the forewings. M 1 arises in the middle of the cross artery between R 5 and M 2 , CuP is missing. On the hind wings, the M 1 vein is briefly cross-connected to the stem of SC + R 1 + RS. The frenulum consists of a single bristle in both sexes.
The type is quite variable. The forewings of the males can be more or less interspersed with brown. The females have specimens with dark brown forewings (forma confirmata Krulikovsky). The edge of the antemedial area is wider and more intensely colored yellow on the hind wings. This is not a subspecies, but an ecological form that is created by special conditions during the development of the pre-imaginal stages ( eutrophic water with low oxygen content).
In the males, the uncus is strong and long. The gnathos is also long and serrated distally above. The blades are short and wide. They have a notched costal edge. The phallus is comparatively short and strong.
In females, the oviscapter is short and slender. It has relatively long apophyses that are hardly thickened at the base. The ostium is transformed into a heavily sclerotized funnel. The ductus bursae is heavily sclerotized and has no colliculum . The seminal duct starts approximately in the middle of the bursal duct. The corpus bursae is small and slender and has no special structures.
The caterpillars have no tracheal gills . The prothoracic plate is provided with a caudal thickening. The adult caterpillars are gray and have a pale brown head. The thoracic shield is blackish and has a caudal thickening. The rectangular anal shield is small and gray. The wreaths of hooks on the abdominal bones are tiny, single-row and have a bi-ordinal oval shape, the longitudinal axis of which runs parallel to the segment boundary. All abdominal legs with the exception of the pusher have a sclerotized thickening on the longitudinal axis.
The pupa is brown, the trunk is shorter than the first pair of legs. The second and third pair of legs are longer than the wings.
The egg is very flat and almost scale-shaped. It is oval and yellowish in color.
distribution
The species is distributed from Spain in the west to Russia (up to about 60 degrees east longitude) in the east. In the north the distribution area extends to the British Isles including Ireland , to the south of Norway , central Sweden and Finland . In the south it extends to Corsica , Sicily and the Peloponnese , Azerbaijan (Lenkoran), Turkey , Iran , Lebanon and Morocco .
biology
The females attach the eggs in rows or layers on the underside of the leaves of the food plants. The egg stage lasts about 10 to 14 days. The young caterpillars have a black head and are hydrophilic . They make housings that consist of two oval pieces of leaf and are also moved by them. They are also found in hollowed-out stems on the surface of the water. The second-stage caterpillars become hydrophobic and are always covered with a thin layer of air. The blade housing is then filled with air. You can also cover short distances outside of the water. The larger caterpillars of the first generation overwinter in reed stalks, the smaller caterpillars in their leaf shells.
The species is polyphagous and develops mainly on the duckweed family (Lemnaceae) such as the small duckweed ( Lemna minor ), the triple-furrowed duckweed ( Lemna trisulca ) and the multi-rooted pond lens ( Spirodela polyrhiza ). In addition, the caterpillars have been also Ährigem milfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum ) frogbit ( Hydro morsus-ranae ), Caucasian floating heart ( Nymphoides peltata ) White lily ( Nymphaea alba ), crab claw ( Stratiotes aloides ), specular pondweed ( Potamogeton lucens ), broadleaf cattail ( Typha latifolia ), water plumes ( Glyceria maxima ) and flood plumes ( Glyceria maxima ) were found. Under breeding conditions, caterpillars also developed on the submerged leaves of common robinia ( Robinia pseudoacacia ).
Pupation takes place in a white cocoon inside the leaf housing. The leaf casing is previously attached by the caterpillar to parts of the plant near the water surface. Cocoons have also been found in the stalks of reed or reed grass ( Phalaris arundinacea ). Here, too, pupation takes place in a white cocoon. The dolls occasionally make a clattering noise that is interpreted as stridulation . The doll rest takes about a week. The moths' flight time is from March to November. There are probably two generations formed, in the south of the distribution area there are several. The moths fly over the surface of the water in the evening and can also be observed in the light from a distance .
Systematics
The following synonyms are known from the literature:
- Phalaena Geometra lemnata Linnaeus , 1758
- Phalaena Tortrix albana O. F. Müller , 1764
- Phalaena gemmata Hufnagel , 1767
- Pyralis lemnalis Denis & Schiffermüller , 1775
- Phalaena Tinea bordella Goeze , 1783
- Tinea marginatella Fourcroy , 1785
- Phalaena limnata ; Fabricius , 1787
- Phalaena uliginata Fabricius , 1794
- Cataclysta limnalis ; Berce , 1878
- Cataclysta lemnae G. W. Müller , 1892
- Cataclysta lemnata confirmata Krulikovsky , 1907 nomen nudum
- Cataclysta lemnata confirmata Krulikovsky , 1909
- Cataclysta lemnata. ochracea Hauder , 1910
- Cataclysta lemnata brunneospersa Osthelder , 1935
supporting documents
- ^ Arnold Spuler (1908): The butterflies of Europe. Volume 2. p. 221
- ↑ Patrice Leraut: Zygaenids, Pyralids 1 . In: Moths of Europe . 1st edition. Volume III. NAP Editions, 2012, ISBN 978-2-913688-15-5 , pp. 128 (English).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Barry Goater, Matthias Nuss, Wolfgang Speidel: Pyraloidea I (Crambidae, Acentropinae, Evergestinae, Heliothelinae, Schoenobiinae, Scopariinae) . In: P. Huemer, O. Karsholt, L. Lyneborg (eds.): Microlepidoptera of Europe . 1st edition. tape 4 . Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2005, ISBN 87-88757-33-1 , pp. 53 (English).
- ↑ Karl Traugott Schütze: The biology of the small butterflies with special consideration of their nutrient plants and times of appearance. Handbook of Microlepidoptera. Caterpillar calendar arranged according to the illustrated German Flora by H. Wagner. Frankfurt am Main, publishing house of the International Entomological Association e. V., 1931, p. 43
- ↑ Cataclysta lemnata in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved December 25, 2012
Web links
- Determination aid of the Lepiforum for the butterfly species found in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Cataclysta lemnata (Linnaeus, 1758). Lepiforum e. V., accessed December 25, 2012 .