Christian Sommer

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Christian Sommer (born February 27, 1767 in Mersch near Jülich ; † December 1, 1835 there ) was a German lawyer and Jacobin .

Life

Christian Sommer was the son of the farmer Theodor Sommer and his wife Maria Anna geb. Measure . He attended elementary school in Düren and the Laurentianum grammar school in Cologne . He studied from February 1784 theology at the " Electoral Cologne Academy " in Bonn (1788) and moved to Dusseldorf to law study. He was a lawyer in Cologne and was appointed by the French occupation in 1797 as "Secretary of the Substitution Commissariat". In 1797 he accused the authorities of Cologne in his magazine "The Patriot" corruption before and was in 1799 remand taken.

In 1797, Sommer created the first modern constitution published in Germany with a “declaration of human rights, the legitimation of power in popular sovereignty and the anchoring of the separation of powers”. The basis for this constitution drawn up by Sommer was the anti-Jacobin constitution from year III (1795). 86 of the 210 Sommerschen articles are almost literal translations. In contrast to the French version, there are no provisions to protect against state or judicial arbitrariness, the prohibition of retroactive laws and there is no reference to the social liability of property.

After Prussia annexed the Rhineland in 1815 , no further publications by Christian Sommer have been identified. He died on December 1, 1835 in his native town of Mersch.

Works

  • God is our lawgiver, or the kingdom of justice, and goodness of virtue and bliss, an elementary code of law for all people . Cologne 1795 digitized
  • Treatise on the only possible way to restrict the priesthood and abolish the clergy . 1797 (2nd edition Paderborn 1803)
  • Treatise on the only possible way to organize hunting. Presented to the princes of Germany . Cologne on the Rhine 1797
  • Constitution for the city of Cologne. Submitted to the citizens of Cologne for examination . Cologne 1797 digitized
  • Elementary code for all people . Haas, Cologne 1798
  • The patriot . Stockhausen, Cologne 1799 (volumes 1. and 2., 1799)
  • Practical commentary on the Jülich-Bergische legal system. With suggestions for improvement . JL Kaufmann, Cologne 1804 digitized
  • Basis for a perfect state . Dedenkoven and Thiriart, Cologne am Rhein 1802 digitized (Reprint: Enlightenment and Revolution. German texts 1790 - 1810. Scriptor, Königstein in Ts. 1979 ISBN 3-589-15057-2 )
  • Patriotic thoughts about the Oktroi in the city of Cologne on the Rhine . 2nd edition Frankfurt am Main 1802
  • Appellation to the public about the censorship prohibition of his practical commentary on d. Jül.-Berg. Legal system with suggestions for improvement . Germania n.o. 1804
  • System of the Code Napoléon in questions and answers . Theil 1, Schmitz, Cologne 1805 digitized (2nd edition 1807)
  • Discussion of contracts or rights and obligations arising from contracts, in general, and obligations arising without a contract. Questions and answers under the French civil code . Part 2. Cologne 1806
  • Speech about the influence of civil legislation on the welfare of individual families and entire states and about the determination of the legal scholar given on November 25th, 1805 at the solemn opening of his private lectures on the civil code of the French . Cologne 1806
  • Code of Judicial Procedure in Criminal Matters . T. Vlieckx, Aachen 1811 (1st issue. From the judicial proceedings in police matters).
  • Commentary on the Jülich-Berg legal system, treatise on the statute of limitations . 1815
  • The League of Princes for Eternal Peace and Constitution for France . Rommerskirchen, Cologne, 1815

literature

  • Justus Philalethes: Defense of the Patriot published by the famous Christian Sommer in letters . Langen, Cologne, in the 8th year of the republic [1800]
  • Johann Friedrich von Schulte :  Summer, Christian . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 34, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1892, p. 597 f.
  • Günter Bers, Waltraut Trilsbach: The Cologne democrat Christian summer. (1767-1835) . In: Yearbook of the Cologne History Association , 45 (1974) p. 63-108
  • Axel Kuhn : German Jacobins on the left bank of the Rhine. Appeals, speeches, minutes, letters and writings 1794-1801 . JB Metzler, Stuttgart 1978
  • Helmut Reinalter , Axel Kuhn, Alin Ruiz: Biographical lexicon on the history of the democratic and liberal movements in Central Europe . Vol. 1. 1770-1800. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1992 ISBN 3-631-44356-0
  • Carl Gert Wolfrum: Christian Sommer, 1767-1835. Constitutional and state understanding of a German Jacobin . Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1995 ( Writings on Constitutional History, 46 ) ISBN 3-428-08321-0 (Zugl .: Freiburg (Breisgau), Univ., Diss., 1993-1994)
  • Horst Dippel : The French Revolution and the first German constitutional projects. In: "You, and not us". The French Revolution and its effect on Northern Germany and the Reich . Vol. 2, edited by Arno Herzig , Inge Stephan, Hans G. Winter. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1989 ISBN 3-926174-14-5 , pp. 671-690; In particular Christian Sommer's draft constitution for the city of Cologne , pp. 678–681
  • Carl Gert Wolfrum: Christian Sommer, 1767-1835 . In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . Volume 61. L. Röhrscheid. Bonn 1997, p. 386 ff.
  • Summer, Christian . In: German Biographical Encyclopedia (DBE). Edited by Walther Killy and Rudolf Vierhaus. Volume 9. Schmidt - Theyer. KG Saur, Munich 1998 ISBN 3-598-23169-5 , p. 368

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Carl Gert Wolfrum: Christian Sommer, 1767-1835 (1995), p. 15.
  2. ^ Carl Gert Wolfrum: Christian Sommer, 1767-1835 (1995), p. 15.
  3. ^ Constitution for the City of Cologne. Submitted to the citizens of Cologne for examination .
  4. ↑ Host Dippel, p. 678.
  5. ^ Constitution of the French Republic of September 23, 1795
  6. ↑ Horst Dippel, p. 679.
  7. ↑ Another edition: Appellation to the public about the censorship ban imposed by the ducal government in Düsseldorf on his practical commentary on the Jülich-Berg legal system with suggestions for improvement, whereby the public is once again enabled about the author's legal disputes against his biological father to be able to give a thorough judgment . Kauffmann, Cologne 1804
  8. ^ In the case of Johann Friedrich von Schulte inadvertently "1813".
  9. ^ Review of the Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung
personal data
SURNAME Summer, Christian
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German lawyer and Jacobin
DATE OF BIRTH February 27, 1767
PLACE OF BIRTH Mersch
DATE OF DEATH December 1, 1835
Place of death Mersch