African predatory catfish

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African predatory catfish
Clarias garie 080516 9142 tdp.jpg

African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus )

Systematics
Cohort : Otomorpha
Sub-cohort : Ostariophysi
Order : Catfish (Siluriformes)
Family : Gill catfish (Clariidae)
Genre : Predatory catfish ( Clarias )
Type : African predatory catfish
Scientific name
Clarias gariepinus
( Burchell , 1822)
African predatory catfish ascending the upper reaches of a river

The African predatory catfish ( Clarias gariepinus , English African Sharptooth Catfish ) is a widespread species of catfish from the family of predatory catfish (Clariidae).

biology

African predatory catfish, also called gill sack catfish or sharp tooth catfish, have eight barbels and resemble the tusk in their cylindrical body .

Occurrence and habitat

African predatory catfish are found in calm, warm running waters, ponds and lakes in Africa and Middle East and West Asia at depths of up to 80 meters. Its origin is originally in South Africa , in the Limpopo , Orange - Vaal river system, Okavango and Cunene and has spread from there over Central , West and North Africa. Some of them were introduced by humans in other countries, for example in East Timor and many other Asian countries. Due to their high adaptability, African predatory catfish can also survive in swamps and sometimes even in sewers. Such cases were u. a. reported several times from Cienfuegos / Cuba . The catfish can survive for several days without water because they can breathe air through their mouth. Due to their great ecological adaptation, they can survive the dry season in the same way as the lungfish in dried out mud at the bottom of lakes. Predatory catfish are adapted to a wide variety of habitats and prefer water temperatures of 20 ° C to 30 ° C, even tolerating a drop in temperature to 8 ° C. A salt tolerance of 9.5 ppt could be demonstrated, in some regions African predatory catfish stay in brackish water .

Way of life

African catfish (closeup of head)

Just a few hours before spawning, the milkers show aggressive behavior towards the roosters . The temperature optimum for the hatched larvae is between 22 ° C and 33 ° C water temperature, with an optimum at 30 ° C. Depending on the water temperature mentioned, the fry hatch 18 to 24 hours after laying their eggs. The pronounced cannibalistic behavior of catfish larvae is greatly reduced under poor lighting conditions. African rapacious catfish are mostly nocturnal and looking mostly at ground level for food in the form of small mollusks ( mollusks ) and other small animals up to smaller fish and carrion. As spawn robbers, they can cause great damage. They locate their prey optically or using electromagnetic vibrations. In order to get to their spawning grounds, African catfish can briefly move on land or move through narrow entrances into new, as yet unpopulated waters. It has also been observed that they hunted prey at night in areas near the water and in damp shore areas. During the breeding season of waterfowl, larger predatory catfish stay below the flooded trees in order to catch falling nesting birds. In the Okawango Delta, a natural phenomenon occurs at a certain time of the year, the so-called catfish run , when hundreds of African predatory catfish migrate into the floodplain and, by hitting their bodies on the papyrus reeds, drive large quantities of fodder fish into the main stream.

In ideal living conditions, they can grow up to 170 cm tall and weigh 30 kg. In 1992, a 36 kg African predatory catfish was caught with a rod in South Africa . The official IGFA record is 42 kilograms from 2003. This specimen was caught in the Orange River near Kakama in South Africa. In 2004 workers killed a 20 kg specimen in the Dhaka sewer system while cleaning it. The species is resistant to certain environmental toxins. The African catfish can tolerate certain concentrations of ammonia .

With intraspecific aggression and also when searching for food, the catfish is able to emit weak electrical surges for five to 260 ms. The African predatory catfish shows a pronounced feeding frenzy , especially in captivity, for example in park lakes, where these fish are often fed .

Economical meaning

The African predatory catfish plays an important role in the food chain. Small predatory catfish are sometimes kept in aquariums and are considered to be very tenacious and frugal. Because of its wide distribution and easy catchability, the African predatory catfish is a popular sport fish. The preparation of the African catfish, which is rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids , is relatively easy. Due to their tasty red meat, they are becoming increasingly important as food fish and can be produced in large quantities in aquaculture . The first pond management of this species took place in South Africa. In the Netherlands , African predatory catfish come from tank recirculation systems under the name Catvis or Meerval . In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , African catfish are bred in basins that are heated with waste heat from biogas plants . The Dutch company Fleuren & Nooijen with an annual production of 2 million young fish, which are sold for breeding and fattening as far as Israel , Nigeria , Ukraine and Costa Rica , is the largest European producer of African predatory catfish. In 1993 world production was 90,013 tons.

In the EU Regulation No. 506/2008 of the Commission of 6 June 2008, they are described as a species requiring approval. However, keeping them in pond farms and aquaculture is not restricted.

In 1998, a national program for keeping African predatory catfish in miniature tanks was launched in Bangladesh in order to enable smallholders to earn a sustainable income. With this measure, women in particular, as the “poorest of the poor”, should be given microcredits and a. Home production of African catfish will be favored. The catfish can be kept and fed with household waste in holes in the ground that are only 1 m² in size and covered with water in almost every location. It was hoped that this would lead to a “revolution” in aquaculture in a very small space for developing countries, similar to the introduction of cage farming for chickens.

African predatory catfish as an invasive species

African catfish (fry) from a sewer in Israel

In Bangladesh , the introduction of the African predatory catfish has brought the native fish fauna to the limit of extinction in some regions, as the African predatory catfish are strongly asserting themselves against local food competitors. The Indian government warns against the consumption of African predatory catfish from sewage systems, as they may a. also feed on slaughterhouse waste and cadavers and thus transmit dangerous diseases. The fish, which is even supposed to feed on rotten meat, has built a stable population in the Dhaka sewers . In 2003, an African catfish is said to have killed a three-year-old toddler near Mymensingh , 120 kilometers from Dhaka. The “omnivorous” African predatory catfish , also known as La Claria in Spanish countries , has a reputation for ingesting enormous amounts of food and having already bitten people in this food frenzy . In Cuba , where this fish species was introduced in 1999, reports are made of a lagoon near Cárdenas , where shortly after the introduction of Clarias gariepinus , both other fish species and water birds disappeared. MF Rehman, a former researcher at the Center for Inland Fisheries Research Institute, said after the proliferation of Clarias gariepinus in the Bangalore area : “ This particular variety was completely destroying habitats. The absence of a predator fish to rein in this breed made them very dangerous. "(German:" This species has destroyed entire habitats. The absence of a predatory fish to decimate the brood makes it very dangerous. ") But despite official prohibitions, pond management is still carried out with this fish species.

In 2006 cases were also reported from Brazil where African predatory catfish threaten the native fish fauna. The African predatory catfish also threatens the native fish fauna in southern China's waters. African predatory catfish are suspected of being able to transmit pansteatitis (a pathological change in adipose tissue) in certain cases .

literature

  • JRS Vitule, SC Umbria and JMR Aranha (2006): Introduction of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (BURCHELL, 1822) into Southern Brazil. Biological Invasions 8 (4), pp. 677-681.
  • WJ Viveen, CJ Richter, JA Janssen, PG van Oordt and EA Huisman: Practical manual for the culture of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Department of Fish Culture and Fisheries of the Agricultural University of Wageningen, Wageningen 1986: 121 pp.
  • BCW van der Wall and HJ Schoonbee (1975): Age and growth studies of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) (Clariidae) in the Transvaal . South Africa. J. Fish Biol. 7, pp. 227-233.

Web links

Commons : African predatory catfish ( Clarias gariepinus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus ( Memento from July 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ The African Catfish: Clarias gariepinus ( Memento from July 13, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ^ List of Freshwater Fishes for East Timor. In: Fishbase
  4. ↑ Exotic, invasive catfish overtake sewers in Cienfuegos, Cuba. Miami Herald. 19th August 2016
  5. ↑ Exotic, invasive catfish overtake sewers in Cienfuegos, Cuba. August 21, 2016. Repeating Islands. News and Commentary on Caribbean Culture, Literature, and the Arts
  6. ↑ Las clarias de las alcantarillas en Cienfuegos. On Cuba News. 18th August 2016
  7. ↑ MANUAL On Seed Production Of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) . Fao.org. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  8. ↑ Chervinski, J .: Salinity tolerance of young catfish , larias lazera Burchell, 1984 Journal of Fish Biology, 25, pp. 147-149.
  9. ^ African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus , Burchell 1822) production with special reference to temperate zones
  10. ↑ Britz et al. Pike: Temperature preferences and optimum temperature for growth African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae and post larvae. June 1987 on Researchgate
  11. ↑ About Breeding Methods for African Catfish. In: eHow.com. October 28, 2008, accessed June 19, 2010 .
  12. ↑ Y. Mukai, N. Sanudin, RF Firdaus, S. Saad: Reduced cannibalistic behavior of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, larvae under dark and dim conditions. In: Zoological science. Volume 30, Number 6, June 2013, pp. 421-424, doi: 10.2108 / zsj.30.421 , PMID 23721464 .
  13. ↑ Electrosensory prey detection in the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae), of a weakly electric mormyrid fish, the bulldog (Marcusenius macrolepidotus) in http://epub.uni-regensburg.de/89/
  14. ↑ Clarias gariepinus, North African catfish: fisheries, aquaculture, gamefish. (No longer available online.) In: Filaman.ifm-geomar.de. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007 ; Retrieved June 19, 2010 .
  15. ^ Okavango Article by Gregor Woods. (No longer available online.) In: Okavangohouseboats.com. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007 ; accessed on May 15, 2015 .
  16. ↑ Sharptooth Catfish - Clarias gariepinus. In: Home.intekom.com. Retrieved June 19, 2010 .
  17. ^ Catfish and Bullheads - How Big is Big - Freshwater Fishing. In: Fishing.about.com. Retrieved June 19, 2010 .
  18. ↑ IGFA Record. African Sharptooth Catfish
  19. ↑ a b Syeda Mushahida Al Noor: Culture of a prohibited species: African Catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ). In: BdFISH Feature. July 20, 2010, accessed May 14, 2015 .
  20. ↑ YK Ip Lau IY, WP Wong, SL Lee, SF Chew: The African catfish Clarias gariepinus sharptooth can tolerate high levels of ammonia in its tissues and organs during four days of aerial exposure. In: Physiological and biochemical zoology: PBZ. Volume 78, Number 4, 2005 Jul-Aug, pp. 630-640, doi: 10.1086 / 430691 , PMID 15957117 .
  21. ↑ YK Ip, RM Zubaidah, PC Liew, AM Loong, KC Hiong, WP Wong, SF Chew: African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus does not detoxify ammonia to urea or amino acids but actively excretes ammonia during exposure to environmental ammonia. In: Physiological and biochemical zoology: PBZ. Volume 77, Number 2, 2004 Mar-Apr, pp. 242-254, doi: 10.1086 / 383499 , PMID 15095244 .
  22. ^ IJ de Moor, MN Bruton: Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. A report of the Committee for Nature Conservation Research National Program for Ecosystem Research. South African Scientific Programs Report No. 144, 310 p. 1988. Port Elizabeth, South Africa. In: fishbase.org
  23. ↑ Electrosensory prey detection in the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae), of a weakly electric mormyrid fish, the bulldog (Marcusenius macrolepidotus)
  24. ↑ Clarias gariepinus African sharptooth catfish struggling for food. African cat fish fighting for food at JP Park, Bengaluru. These fish are living in a dirty sewage water of Bangalore. No other species of fish can survive this pollution except african catfish.
  25. ↑ African Sharptooth Catfish
  26. ^ Günther Sterba: Freshwater fish of the world , Weltbild Verlag GmbH, Augsburg, 2000, pp. 357–358
  27. ^ Fly fishing for catfish. Fly fishing for the Southern African sharptooth catfish (Clarius gariepinus) and the Vundu (Heterobranchus longifilis) in Zimbabwe
  28. ↑ Preparing African Sharptooth Catfish / Barbel… From killing to skinning to cooking! The Nitty Gritty Nomads
  29. ↑ African catfish fingerlings . Fleuren-nooijen.nl. January 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009. Retrieved on May 15, 2015.
  30. ↑ GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF CLARIID CATFISH ( Memento from August 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  31. ↑ Regulation (EC) No. 506/2008 , accessed on June 19, 2010
  32. ↑ Council Regulation (EC) No. 708/2007 of June 11, 2007 on the use of alien and locally absent species in aquaculture (OJ L 168 of June 28, 2007, p. 1) in the consolidated version of June 8, 2007. June 2008 , accessed June 19, 2010
  33. ↑ NEFISCO aquaculture and fisheries consultants. In: Nefisco.org. Retrieved June 19, 2010 .
  34. ↑ Felix Marttin, Gertjan de Graaf: Poverty alleviation through fish culture: Homestead catfish culture in Bangladesh. In http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/Y2419e/y2419e06.htm
  35. ↑ Lack of law lake frenzied catfish breeding on city outskirts. In: The Daily Star , June 1, 2006
  36. ↑ Catfish threats local species. Sewers become breeding ground. In: The Daily Star , December 4, 2005
  37. ↑ Prolific Fish with Bad Rep. In: Havanna Times , May 20, 2009
  38. ^ Attack of the African Cat Fish. In: Open. February 23, 2013
  39. ^ Farming of banned African catfish is thriving. In: The Hindu , July 24, 2009
  40. ↑ Record of native amphibian predation by the alien African catfish in the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest in http://www.panamjas.org/pdf_artigos/PANAMJAS_3(2)_105-107.pdf
  41. ↑ KV Radhakrishnan, Zhao Jun Lan, Jun Zhao, Ning Qing, Xio Lin Huang: Invasion of the African sharp-tooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in South China. In: Biological Invasions. 13, 2011, p. 1723, doi: 10.1007 / s10530-011-0004-0 .
  42. ↑ Huchzermeyer: Prevalence of pansteatitis in African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. JSAVA, 2012