Parrot beak

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Parrot beak
Clianthus puniceus (Kaka Beak) flowers.jpg

Parrot's bill ( Clianthus puniceus )

Systematics
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Galegeae
Genre : Clianthus
Type : Parrot beak
Scientific name
Clianthus puniceus
( G.Don ) Sol. ex Lindl.

The parrot's beak ( Clianthus puniceus ), even glory flower (direct translation of the botanical name) called, is one of two species of the genus Clianthus within the family of legumes (Fabaceae). It is native to New Zealand and is called Kaka beak, Lobster claw, Parrot's beak in English and Kōwhai-ngutu-kākā in Māori .

description

Illustration from Curtis
Pinnate leaves, flower buds and open flower
There is also a whitish flowering form, Clianthus puniceus 'Albus'
legumes

Appearance and leaf

Clianthus puniceus grows as an evergreen, independently upright or spreading shrub with several stems. It is branched near the ground and reaches heights of 1 to 2 meters and plant diameters of 1 to 2 meters. The bark of the twigs is first hairy and downy, then balding. The most two, rarely three dark green cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are to oblong-elliptical with a length of 13 to 18 millimeters and a width of 5 to 7 mm long.

The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are 8 to 13 centimeters long and 0.3 to 5 centimeters wide, divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole and the rhachis leaf are together up to 10 centimeters long with a diameter of up to 1.8 millimeters and there is a groove. The imparipinnate leaf blade contains 14 to 21 pairs of leaflets, of which the lower one or two pairs are opposite and the others are arranged alternately on the rachis. The light green stalks of the leaflets are 0.4 to 0.8 millimeters long and sparsely to densely hairy. The pinna leaflets are narrow lanceolate at a length of 17 to 26 millimeters and a width of 5 to 7 mm, narrow and long, narrow oblong-lanceolate to narrow elliptic, blunt base and ausgerandetem upper end. The upper side of the leaflets is gray-green to olive-green, dull to slightly shiny, glabrous to moderately hairy. The leaf margin is flat. The underside of the leaflets is light green, dull and sparsely to densely hairy. The green, sparsely hairy, dull stipules are 4.5 to 6 millimeters long and 2.5 to 4.5 millimeters wide and lanceolate to narrowly triangular.

Inflorescence and flower

One or two pendulous, racemose inflorescences may be present in a leaf axil . Up to 40 buds are formed on each inflorescence, but only four to ten flowers develop from them. Inflorescence rhachis, peduncle, bracts and bracts are sparsely to densely hairy. The inflorescence rhachis has a length of up to 8 centimeters and a diameter of 0.8 to 1.3 millimeters. The matt green bracts are narrow triangular with a length of 4 to 5 millimeters and a width of 1.5 to 2 millimeters. The hanging flower stalks have a length of 15 to 20 millimeters and a diameter of 0.7 to 1 millimeter. The inserted about in the middle of the flower stems cover sheets are narrow lanceolate to narrow triangular at a length 1.8 to 1.9 mm and a width of 0.6 to 0.7 millimeters.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are fused bell-shaped, the light green calyx is 7 to 8 millimeters long and 7.6 to 8.4 millimeters wide; it is sparsely to moderately hairy on the outside and bald on the inside. The dense, hairy, upright calyx teeth are 3 to 4.5 millimeters long and 0.8 to 1.2 millimeters wide at their base, narrowly triangular to short subphrate with hairy edges. The color of the five petals ranges from mostly salmon-red to salmon-pink or rarely cream-colored to light cream-yellow and the upper end is often white. The corolla has the typical shape of a butterfly flower and with this species it looks like a parrot's beak. The upright, 4.8 to 5.3 millimeters long nailed flag is elongated, linear-oblong or lanceolate, with a length of 5.2 to 5.5 centimeters and a width of 1.7 to 2.3 centimeters, bends 7 back up to 9 millimeters from the base, has a dark colored mark at its base and a pointed upper end. The two wings, which are 4.5 to 5.5 millimeters long, are 2.6 to 2.9 centimeters long and 0.5 to 1 centimeters wide, taper slightly in the lower area and have ears 1.5 to 2.2 millimeters deep and a pointed to blunt upper end. The 7 to 8 millimeters long nailed keel is 5.7 to 6.2 centimeters long and 1.2 to 1.6 centimeters wide, ovoid, beaked, has ears 2.2 to 2.7 millimeters deep and tapers to a sharply pointed and curved upper end. The ten stamens are 4 to 6 cm long. Nine stamens have grown together over a length of 2.7 to 3.7 centimeters. The free 4 to 5 centimeters long stamen is curved at its base. The 1.4 to 1.7 millimeter long anthers are more or less in two circles or at different heights. The pistil inserted below the stamens stands on a bare, 7 to 8 millimeter long, slightly curved or bent stalk. The only upper carpel is 1.5 to 2 inches long, glabrous and contains 50 to 61 ovules . The 3.5 to 4 centimeter long stylus is bearded up to 0.8 millimeters long on the upper side on about 1/3 of its length.

Fruit and seeds

The hanging, long-lasting legume is 5 to 9 centimeters long and 0.8 to 2.2 centimeters wide, rounded to slightly flattened dorsiventrally in cross section. When the legume opens, it is 4 to 7 centimeters long and 1.8 to 2.8 centimeters wide, oblong to obovate, slightly curved or flattened, and contains many seeds. The black and olive-green spotted seeds with a length of 3 to 3.5 millimeters, depth of 2.5 to 3 millimeters and thickness of 1.4 to 1.6 millimeters kidney-shaped.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is n = 16, there is diploidy , i.e. 2n = 32.

Spread and endangerment

Clianthus puniceus is originally only found on the North Island of New Zealand . It is a neophyte in some areas of the world .

In the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species , Clianthus puniceus was rated as “endangered” in 1998 , when it was believed that of the approximately 200 naturally growing specimens, most of them in Te-Urewera National Park exist but were endangered by grazing. But now it is considered "critically endangered" = "threatened with extinction". Because most of the known specimens were planted by the Māori around their settlements. We only know one specimen in a natural location. This location is close to Kaipara Harbor and is characterized by the negative properties of summer drought and strong feeding pressure from livestock and wild animals such as rodents (Rodentia). Offspring of this specimen exist in culture.

Systematics and botanical history

It was first described in 1832 under the name ( Basionym ) Donia punicea by George Don in A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants , 2, pp. 467-468. The new combination to Clianthus puniceus was in 1835 by Daniel Carl Solander in John Lindley : Edward's Botanical Register; or, Flower Garden and Shrubbery. London. , Published 18, plate 1775.

The generic name Clianthus is derived from the Greek words kleos for splendor or pomp and anthos for blossom. The specific epithet puniceus means reddish-purple-blood-red. Both parts of the botanical name refer to the striking flowers.

The genus Clianthus consisted of only a few species, for a long time it was considered monotypical . In 2000 Heenan gave the previous variety Clianthus puniceus var. Maximus (Colenso) Kirk again the rank of a species Clianthus maximus Colenso . Clianthus maximus has wider, glossy leaves and the flowers are larger and more intensely colored than Clianthus puniceus .

The first collection of Clianthus was in 1769 by Banks and Solander. About 60 years later, this material was used for the first description of Donia punicea . Since the generic name Donia had been used earlier, this species had to be published under the new generic name Clianthus a short time later .

use

Clianthus puniceus is used as an ornamental plant with some varieties (e.g. 'Albus', 'Kaka King') . In parks and gardens, Clianthus puniceus usually does not exceed heights of 1.5 meters when freestanding, but heights of 5 meters can also be climbed when planted on walls. It thrives well in mild climates and can even survive low frosts. However, the forms cultivated as ornamental plants are mostly Clianthus maximus , even if they are sold as " Clianthus puniceus ".

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica: The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 . Clianthus puniceus on p. 240
  2. ↑ Clianthus puniceus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013 Posted by: PJ de Lange, 1998. Accessed August 14, 2013.
  3. ↑ Data sheet from New Zealand Plant Conservation Network , 2011.
  4. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  5. ↑ Clianthus puniceus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 14, 2013.
  6. ^ A b Clianthus puniceus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  7. ↑ a b c P. B. Heenan: Clianthus (Fabaceae) in New Zealand: a reappraisal of Colenso's taxonomy , In: New Zealand journal of botany , Volume 38, Issue 3, 2000, pp. 361-371. ISSN  0028-825X doi : 10.1080 / 0028825X.2000.9512688

Web links

Commons : Parrot's beak ( Clianthus puniceus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files