Saffron-leaved skin head

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Saffron-leaved skin head
2012-10-28 Cortinarius croceus group 276418 (cropped) .jpg

Saffron-leaved skin head ( Cortinarius croceus )

Systematics
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Agaricales
Family : Veil relatives (Cortinariaceae)
Genre : Veils ( Cortinarius )
Subgenus : Skin heads ( dermocybe )
Type : Saffron-leaved skin head
Scientific name
Cortinarius croceus
( Schaeff  .: Fr. ) Gray

The saffron-leaved skin head or yellow-leaved skin head ( Cortinarius croceus , syn .:  C. cinnamomeolutescens , C. cinnamomeobadius ) is a type of mushroom from the family of veil relatives (Cortinariaceae). The medium-sized, very variable skin head has a yellow to red-brown hat, yellow lamellas and a yellow stem. Its spores are quite small (mostly <9.5 µm long). The fruiting bodies of the mycorrhizal fungus appear in deciduous and coniferous forests. As with all skin heads, the dried fruit bodies can be used to dye wool because of their anthraquinone dyes . Like all skin heads, the saffron-leaved skin head is classified as suspicious of poison.

features

The elliptical, quite small (<9.5 µm length) spores of the saffron-leaved skin head in the light microscope

Macroscopic features

The hat is 2–5 (–7) cm wide; initially conical-bell-shaped, later spread out and more or less humped. The dry, matte surface of the hat is first fine, then coarse radial fibers and dark olive-yellow to yellow-brown, reddish-brown or olive-brown in color. The brim of the hat is often more or less yellow. The thin, broadly grown lamellae are nice yellow at the beginning and stay that way for a long time. They form a clear contrast to the darker hat. Later they are cinnamon to olive brown and sometimes they can have a saffron tan . The slender, cylindrical and often bent stem is 7–10 cm long and 0.5–1 cm wide. It is lemon yellow, saffron to olive yellow in color and naked. Only in the porphyrovelatus variety is it girdled by the purple-brown velum zone. The firm flesh is yellow to olive yellow in color and has a faint and unobtrusive smell of iodine or beets.

Microscopic features

The rough, elliptical spores measure approximately 8 × 4.5 µm. The cheilocystidia are narrow and rarely septate.

Species delimitation

The saffron-leaved skin head is a very variable fungus that can be confused with a whole range of skin heads. A good characteristic are the lively yellow lamellas, which contrast with the darker, olive-colored hat. The species can most likely be confused with the orange-footed skin head ( C. bataillei ), which colonizes damp to wet locations, often in peat moss, and differs from the saffron-leaved skin head by the orange-red stalk base. The rare and little-known meadow skin head ( C. pratensis ) is quite similar . It has a lighter reddish-brown tint and occurs in meadows and forest clearings. Its cheilocystidia are structured like the branches of an opuntia . The cinnamon-brown skin head ( C. cinnamomeus ), which is also common, can sometimes look similar. But it has less vividly colored lamellae.

Ecology and diffusion

European countries with evidence of finding of the saffron-leaved skin head.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The saffron skin head is found in North America (USA) and Europe. It is distributed all over Europe and occurs here in almost all climatic zones. It has also been found in Greenland and Iceland. It is more common in northern Europe than in the south, but it also occurs here. In Great Britain and Ireland the skin head is rather rare, but nonetheless widespread.

    The fruiting bodies of the mycorrhizal fungus appear from July to October (November) mainly in coniferous forests. In young spruce and pine forests, it is one of the most common types of fungus. It often grows here in wild- toned moss pads . You can also find it in deciduous forests near birch, beech and oak. The Schleierling prefers acidic silicate soils. (61% of the finds in Austria, 9% on limestone soils). The optimal annual average temperature is 8 ° C, the maximum temperature 9 ° C, the minimum temperature −1 ° C. The highest location in Switzerland is 2350 m above sea level, and the fungus was also found in Austria at over 2200 m.

    Systematics

    Schäffer's saffron-leaved leaf sponge ( Agaricus croceus ) plate 4

    In 1774, the German naturalist Jacob Christian Schäffer described a mushroom with a saffron to bitter orange-colored hat, light yellow lamellas and a stem that grows on mountainous meadows in autumn. He called it saffron-leaved leaf sponge and gave it the scientific name Agaricus croceus . EM Fries saw a variety of C. cinnamomeus in Schäffer's drawing and description . Schäffer's name was sanctioned by its mention in Fries Systema Mycologicum . In the same year, the British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray placed the fungus as Cortinaria crocea in the genus Cortinarius and gave it its current name through its new combination. A homotypical synonym is Dermocybe crocea (Schaeff.) MM Moser . Other synonyms are C. cinnamomeobadius Rob. Henry (= Dermocybe cinnamomeobadia (Rob. Henry) MM Moser ) and C. cinnamomeolutescens Rob. Henry .

    According to JC Schäffer, the Latin specific epithet croceus (saffron yellow) refers to the dark saffron yellow hat color, while Fries refers to the lamellar color (flavo-croceus).

    meaning

    Like all skin heads, the saffron-leaved skin head is not an edible mushroom and is suspected of being poisonous. As with all skin heads, the dried fruit bodies can be used to dye wool because of their anthraquinone dyes ((3R, 3R ', M) -flavomannin-6,6'-di-O-methyl ether).

    swell

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 226 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
    2. ↑ German Josef Krieglsteiner , Andreas Gminder (Ed.): Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 5: Mushrooms. Agarics III. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8001-3572-1 , pp. 14-15.
    3. ↑ a b c Karin Monday: Saffron-leaved skin head Cortinarius croceus In the virtual mushroom book. In: Tintling.com . Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
    4. ↑ Rapportsystemet for växter: Cortinarius croceus. (No longer available online.) In: artportalen.se. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012 ; accessed on October 20, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.artportalen.se
    5. ↑ a b c Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed October 20, 2015 .
    6. ^ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Cortinarius croceus. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    7. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( online [PDF]).
    8. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Cortinarius croceus. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    9. ↑ Torbjørn Borgen, Steen A. Elborne, Henning Knudsen: Arctic and Alpine Mycology . Ed .: David Boertmann, Henning Knudsen. tape 6 . Museum Tusculanum Press, 2006, ISBN 87-635-1277-7 , A checklist of the Greenland basidiomycetes, p. 56 ( online ).
    10. ↑ Armin Mesic, Zdenko Tkalcec: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia. II. Families Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Cortinariaceae and Hygrophoraceae. In: Mycotaxon . Vol. 83, 2002, pp. 453-502 (English, cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    11. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Cortinarius croceus. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    12. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Cortinarius croceus. (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016 ; accessed on October 20, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    13. ↑ Georgios I. Zervakis et al .: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: II. Macrofungi associated with conifers in the Taygetos Mountain (Peloponnese). In: Mycotaxon . Vol 83 :, 2002, p. 97-126 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ). cybertruffle.org.uk ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    14. ↑ DM Dimou, GI Zervakis, E. Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: IV. Macrofungi from Abies cephalonica forests and other intermixed tree species (Oxya Mt., central Greece). In: [Mycotaxon] . Vol: 104, 2008, p. 39–42 (English, online [PDF]).
    15. ↑ Cortinarius croceus. In: grzyby.pl. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    16. ↑ Ilkka Kytövuori et al.: Chapter 5.2, Distribution table of agarics and boletes in Finland . ISBN 952-11-1997-7 , pp. 105–225 ( [1] [PDF] Original title: Helttasienten ja tattien levinneisyystaulukko .).
    17. ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . Vol. 21. Vaduz 2004 ( online [PDF]). online ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.llv.li
    18. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . In: Acta Botanica Croatica . 2009 (English, PDF, 1.6MB ( memento of February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed on October 20, 2015]).
    19. ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Cortinarius croceus. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    20. ^ Cortinarius croceus / Norwegian Mycology Database. In: nhm2.uio.no / Norwegian Mycology Database. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    21. ↑ Cortinarius croceus. Pilzoek database, accessed October 20, 2015 .
    22. ^ TV Andrianova and others: Cortinarius croceus. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015 ; accessed on October 21, 2015 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    23. ↑ NMV Verspreidingsatlas online: Cortinarius croceus. In: verspreidingsatlas.nl. Retrieved October 20, 2015 .
    24. ↑ a b Distribution Atlas of Fungi in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; accessed on October 20, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
    25. ^ Jacob Christian Schäffer: Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones, nativis coloribus expressae . tape 3-4 . Apud JJ Palmium, Erlangae (Erlangen) 1774, p. 4 ( online ).
    26. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . Volume I. Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 229 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
    27. ^ Samuel Frederick Gray : A natural arrangement of British plants . according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown. Ed .: F. Bataille, Besançon. Vol 1. London 1821, pp. 630 (English, online ).
    28. ↑ J. Velíšek, K. Cejpek: Pigments of higher fungi: a review . In: Czech Journal of Food Sciences . tape 29 , 2011, p. 87-102 ( http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/37205.pdf online [PDF]).
    29. ↑ Arleen Rainis Bessette, Alan Bessette: he Rainbow Beneath My Feet: A Mushroom Dyer's Field Guide . Syracuse University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8156-0680-X , pp. 73 ( available from Google Books ).

    Web links

    Commons : Saffron-leaved skin head ( Cortinarius croceus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
    • Cortinarius croceus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved October 5, 2015 (Italian, photos of the saffron-leaved skin head).
    • Roger Phillips: Cortinarius croceus. In: RogersMushrooms. Rogers Plants Ltd., accessed October 9, 2015 .