Cryptomycocolax abnormal
| Cryptomycocolax abnormal | ||||||||||||
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Cryptomycocolax | ||||||||||||
| Oberw. & R. Bauer | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the species | ||||||||||||
| Cryptomycocolax abnormal | ||||||||||||
| Oberw. & R. Bauer |
Cryptomycocolax abnormalis is a type of mushroom from the group of mushrooms (Basidiomycota). It parasitizes on other fungi ( sac fungi ) and is the only representative of the genus Cryptomycocolax .
Features and way of life
The fungus grows with hyphae . These are hyaline , thin-walled and smooth. Their diameter is around 3 to 6 µm, in the areas below the ends up to 15-20 µm. The hyphae are dikaryotic, have buckled and are often closely connected to the host cells.
Chlamydospores are often formed for asexual reproduction . These have an ellipsoidal shape, are thick-walled, two-core and have a diameter of 8 to 15 µm. They arise from hyphae cells through the accumulation of cell wall layers on the inside of the cell. Usually they are formed individually, rarely in pairs or in groups. When they germinate, they form hyphae.
Septal pores
The septal pores between the individual hyphae cells are simple and have a diameter of 60 to 80 nm and rounded edges. In the cytoplasm in their vicinity is free of ribosomes , but there are two types of vesicles, which are surrounded by a membrane: so-called woronin bodies with a diameter of 120 to 180 nm and semi-transparent contents, and ellipsoidal microbodies with granular contents and a size of 160 × 300 nm. Each microbody contains a spherical body with a diameter of 60 to 120 nm, the internal structure of which is similar to the Voronin bodies. Voronin bodies are common, while microbodies are rather rare in mature hyphae. Young septal pores are open, older ones are closed by two membranes. Woronine bodies are found almost exclusively in the hose fungi, the presence in Cryptomycocolax was the first detection in mushrooms.
Basidia
The basidia are formed irregularly and scattered on the surface of the host sclerotia . The young basidium (probasidium) has a diploid nucleus and a large basal vacuole . The shape of the probasidia is initially almost spherical, but elongates and forms a spore-like terminal outgrowth. The first division of meiosis takes place here, the spindle apparatus lies parallel to the longitudinal axis of the probasidium. An Interphase I core reaches the apical area of the probasidium, which is divided by a transverse wall. The second meiotic division takes place in the apical and basal cells. The apical cell is then rejected. The basal cell is 50 to 100 µm long and 10 to 20 µm in diameter. It forms a variable number of sedentary spores. This happens one at a time at the top of the cell. Mature basidiospores are separated by a transverse wall (septum), at which point the basidium becomes rich in vacuoles . The basidiospores are generally approximately cylindrical, 15 to 25 µm long, 6 to 9 µm in diameter, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, not amyloid and contain one or two nuclei. The spores germinate by yeast-like budding or with buckle hyphae.
Meiosis and spindle pole bodies
The spindle pole bodies (SPBs, functionally correspond to the centrosomes ) are large, disc-shaped and embedded in a pore of the nuclear envelope during nuclear division. They divide by division. Otherwise, this type of SPB occurs mainly in the hose fungi.
The nucleolus is present near the spindle at the start of meiosis , but it dissolves during anaphase I through telophase I. It does not appear again until Interphase I.
The nuclear envelope is retained during meiosis, only the spindle pole bodies penetrate the nuclear envelope.
Host-Parasite Relationships
Cryptomycocolax was discovered on an unspecified hose fungus , which in turn grew on dead stems of Cirsium subcoriaceum . The species was found in a pasture near the Irazú volcano in Costa Rica .
Grape-like structures that are located within the cells of the parasite form at the contact points between the host and the parasite. These cells of the parasite form special organelles called colacosomes. These are located on the inside of the parasite cell and have a spherical to beaked shape. The central part is electron-tight in the transmission electron microscope , has a diameter of 0.3 to 0.4 µm and is surrounded by an electron-transparent, unstructured shell around 0.05 µm thick, which in turn is enclosed by a plasma lemma . Often there is still a thin cell wall around this structure . There are two types of colacosomes in Cryptomycocolax :
- Colacosomes with an electron-dense center surrounded by a plasmalemma. Sometimes protuberances are formed through the parasite's cell wall into that of the host. This type occurs mainly in areas that do not form grape-shaped structures.
- Colacosomes with a more electron-dense center penetrate the two cell walls (parasite and host) with a 7 to 14 nm wide pore. The central core is surrounded by a plasmalemma that is connected to the host's plasmalemma through the pore. The colacosome is still surrounded by a thin cell wall. This type occurs primarily along the invaginations of the host cells in the parasite cell. In these invaginations, the host cell has no cell wall; the cell wall of the parasite is perforated by the pores of the colacosomes. In the early stages of this cluster formation there are well-developed cytoplasmic structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria in the host cell's grape structure . Later these structures degenerate, the cell contents become homogeneous and rather electron-dense. This degeneration can also extend into the host cell area outside the grape.
Systematics
Cryptomycocolax abnormalis is the only described species of the genus Cryptomycocolax . Together with Colacosiphon filiformis, it is the only representative of the class Cryptomycocolacomycetes .
The name Cryptomycocolax was formed from the Greek and means hidden fungal parasite .
supporting documents
- Franz Oberwinkler, Robert Bauer: Cryptomycocolax: A new Mycoparasitic Heterobasidiomycete . Mycologia, Vol. 82, 1990, pp. 671-692.
- MC Aime et al .: An overview of the higher level classification of Pucciniomycotina based on combined analyzes of nuclear large and small subunit rDNA sequences . Mycologia, Volume 98, 2006, pp. 896-905.
- Robert Bauer, Dominik Begerow, José Paulo Sampaio, Michael Weiß, Franz Oberwinkler: The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis . Mycological Progress, Volume 5, 2006, pp. 41-66, ISSN 1617-416X , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-006-0502-0 .