Cucuteni-Tripolje culture

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Distribution area of ​​the Cucuteni-Tripolje culture

The Cucuteni-Tripolje culture , traditionally Romanian-Russian Cucuţeni-Tripolje culture , Ukrainian Trypillia , belongs to the southeast European cultures of the Neolithic and the Eneolithic . Temporally it becomes around 5000 to 2750 BC. According to others around 4800 to 3000 BC. BC. The earliest settlements appeared immediately with or after the settlements of the linear ceramic culture. A distinction is made between three phases, namely A (5000–4300 BC) as well as B and C, with B again in BI (4300–4100 BC) and BII (4100–3600 BC), C in CI (3600-3200 BC) and CII (3200-2750 BC) is divided. In the middle phase of the Cucuteni-Tripolje culture, mega-settlements of up to 340 hectares emerged , which are the largest settlements in the entire Aeolithic. They hid around 3800 BC. Up to 20,000 inhabitants. Livestock and field crops ( wheat , barley , but also millet , peas and lentil vetches were the basis of lifeand other pulses and grapes), as well as hunting and fishing. Wild fruits also played an important role, such as grapes , pears , hawthorn , plum and yellow dogwood . Even in phase BII-CI, wild animals dominated at sites such as Kolomyïshchina II (BII) and Kolomyïshchina I (CI) with around 80% of the bone finds. In the early phase, however, emmer dominated among the cereal types.

origin

Around 5000 BC In the Great Wallachia (in the area around Bucharest) the unusually dynamic Boian culture emerged from a merger of Vinca and LBK , which only a little later played a decisive role in the formation of the Petreşti culture and the Cucuteni culture. Korvin-Piotrovskiy, on the other hand, derives the Tripylla culture from a mixture of Criş , Boian , Hamangia and Ariujd elements.

Naming and early research history

The archaeological culture, which appears today in the specialist literature as the Cucuteni-Tripolje culture, was initially named in 1884 after the site of Cucuteni in the Iași district, which is located in northeast Romania, 60 km west of Iași . Teodor T. Burada examined the local quarry, where he found fragments of figurines and ceramics. A group of scholars, including the poet Nicolae Beldiceanu , but also the archaeologists Grigore Butureanu , Dimitrie C. Butculescu and George Diamandy , began the first excavations in the spring of 1885.

A few years later, the Bohemian- born archaeologist Wikentij Chwoika discovered similar remains in the Ukraine, which he presented on the occasion of the 11th Archaeological Congress in 1897 and published in 1901. In the same year further artifacts were discovered in Trypillja , with the result that the name Tripolye culture was preferred in Ukrainian publications and later in Soviet ones. In 1902/03 excavations were carried out in the Moldovan Petreni by the German archaeologist E. Stern, in 1943 by the Romanian Vlad Siru, the results of which, however, were not published; further excavations were carried out from 2011. Chwoika submitted a first periodization in 194 and 11913. Tatiana Passek has been researching other settlements since the 1930s and divided the Tripolje culture into an early, classical and late phase. This structure is still valid today, but has been refined and regionally differentiated.

It took decades for the consensus to take hold that the finds from Romania, Ukraine and Moldova belonged to the same culture. Nevertheless, the traditional names persist in Romania and Ukraine. The general term Cucuteni – Tripolye culture has become established in English publications . In Ukraine they speak of the Tripylla culture.

Distribution area

The Cucuteni culture was localized in Bessarabia , Romania and Moldova in the area between the Prut and Dniester to the Dnepr region . The Tripolje culture (A, B and C) can be found east of it in Ukraine. The cultures that have been distinguished over decades from various research traditions, however, represent an overarching archaeological culture.

Human remains

Entrance to the Verteba Cave

Human remains of the culture, of which more than a thousand sites are now known, are hardly known, one of the few exceptions are finds from the Verteba Cave , Bilche Zolote, in the Ukraine, which could be dated to phase BII, more precisely to the Period between 3800 and 3600 BC In addition, from the time before 3400 BC Almost no burial places are known. On the basis of the verteba bones, conclusions can be drawn about the diet of these early members of the first agrarian culture. Furthermore, they are the focus of a debate about the question of whether this way of life and economy was developed locally or was adopted. The verteba finds date from a period of cooling and drought, which may explain why hunting, fishing and gathering once again played such an important role, while the cultivation of grain and the keeping of domesticated animals apparently encountered climate-related difficulties and therefore declined. There it could also be proven that traces of the use of violence, albeit at a comparatively low level, do not only appear in the final phase of the culture.

Settlements

Illustration of the Talianki mega settlement around 4000 BC Chr.

The structure of the settlements has been well known since the early 1970s through aerial photographs, and since 2009, increasingly through geomagnetic surveys. Furthermore, some settlements have been almost completely excavated (Bernaschevka, Chapaevka, Kolomjischina I). The settlements are planned in concentric rings or as groups of houses surrounded by ditches on artificial terraces. Some Cucuteni settlements, such as the one near Taljanky , reach a considerable size and, with 2700 houses on around 340 hectares, they are urban-like in size (“giant villages”). According to Ohlrau et al. between 11,000 and 21,000 people lived here at the same time. Maidanetske consisted of about 3000 houses and existed between 3900 and 3650 BC. Chr. Hofmann et al. assume a population of over 10,000. The up to 20 m long and 6 m wide houses in Taljanki were divided into three or four rooms. The buildings in the Maidanetske settlement in central Ukraine have similar dimensions. In the late period there were individual houses in the settlements and several two-story houses in larger settlements. Clay models of houses could indicate a temple-like function.

Material culture

A significant collection of Cucuteni artifacts is in the Archaeological Museum ( Muzeul de Artă eneolitică Cucuteni ) in Piatra Neamț .

Ceramics

Cucuteni pottery

The black-white-red pottery of the early Cucuteni culture is unique for this period. With her spiral motifs, she continues ceramic shapes. Binocular-like double vessels are also typical.

Idols

Representation of a female face, possibly while sleeping, Moldova
Ritual figurines from the early 5th millennium BC Chr.
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Plastic art is more stylized. She mostly depicts women, her legs are often very long. The women often wear masks. The masks show depictions of animals, especially goats, pigs, lizards and turtles, snakes, and finally birds such as roosters and hens, storks and falcons, ducks and other animals that are probably considered sacred. The “facelessness” of the female idols may indicate a ritual use. The women are naked or dressed in some kind of festive clothing. The women were mainly tattooed on their stomach and back. Spirals, rhombuses and snakes are shown, which was interpreted as a reference to the tree of life . Some figurines show paint residues, especially red and black paint residues probably refer to painted clothing. The most common motif was a kind of skirt with fringes of various lengths, but also aprons. In the late Tripolje culture, the women depicted on vessels wore scarce clothing and a kind of slipper. This clothing was decorated with spirals or snakes throughout. The hair was worn in various ways, such as a braid. Numerous representations on vessels indicate red boots. The men rarely wear masks, their noses stick out, and their faces are oval. Over 30% of the sculpture consists of some highly stylized zoomorphic (animal-shaped) figures.

Bike and cart

Wheel, wagon and sledge models from before 3500 BC Chr. Are taken as an indication of the use of ox carts with disc wheels during the late Cucuteni culture. In western Ukraine and Moldova, vessels in the shape of animals were found on sled runners that were perforated with tone wheels so that axles could be pushed through.

Copper, silver and gold

The treasure from Ariușd -Dealul Tyiszk in Romania consisted of 1992 copper objects, mostly pearls and spirals, pearls made from animal teeth and spondylus , that of Cărbuna in Moldova consisted of 444. Gold objects were found in the treasures of Ariușd (spiral) and Brad in Romania.

chronology

Initially, the Cucuteni-Tripolje culture could only be chronologically classified by means of relative chronology and, accordingly, only at individual sites. On the one hand, this has to do with the dating methods that are still being developed, but also with the fact that only a few sites showed an undisturbed stratigraphy. One of the few exceptions is the Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru settlement, which has 13 settlement layers with a total height of 4.5 m. In this case, a sufficient number of radiocarbon dates could also be obtained, ranging from about 5000 to 3500 BC. Chr. Range. The development in the seven regional forms of culture, which are referred to as groups, was not synchronized. These groups include the Kaniv and Hryhorivka groups on the central Dnieper, where most of the mega-settlements have been located, including Nebelivka, Tal'anky and Maidanec'ke.

The culture is one of the unusually stable cultures. Videiko (1994) took a duration from 4800 to 3200 BC. Chr. For the eastern area of ​​the Cucuteni-Tripolje culture, he differentiates on the one hand pre-Cucuteni I - III, on the other hand a multiphase Cucuteni A and B.

Tripolje Cucuteni Dating cal. BC Bulgaria
A. Precucuteni I-III 4800-4500 Gumelnita
B1 A. 4500-4200
B1-2 FROM 4200-4000
B2 / C1 B. 4000-3500
C2 - 3500-3200

literature

  • Malcolm C. Lillie, Chelsea E. Budd, Inna D. Potekhina, Douglas Price, Mykhailo Sokhatsky et al .: First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, Ukraine , in: Documenta Praehistorica 44 (2017) 306-325. ( online )
  • René Ohlrau : Tripolje Großsiedlungen - Geomagnetic Prospection and Architectural Sociological Perspectives , in: Journal of Neolithic Archeology (2015) 17–99.
  • Mihailo V. Videiko: Tripolye- "Pastoral" contacts. Facts and characters of the interactions: 4800-3200 BC. In: Slawomir Kadrow et al. (Ed.): Nomadism and Pastoralism in the Circle of Baltic-Pontic early agrarian cultures . Baltic-Pontic studies 2, 1994, pp. 5-29 ( online , PDF).

Web links

Commons : Cucuteni culture  - collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ This and the following from: Malcolm C. Lillie, Chelsea E. Budd, Inna D. Potekhina, Douglas Price, Mykhailo Sokhatsky et al .: First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote , Ukraine , in: Documenta Praehistorica 44 (2017) 306–325, here: p. 308.
  2. ^ Siegmar von Schnurbein : Atlas of the prehistory. Europe from the first humans to the birth of Christ , 2nd, corrected, edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, p. 81 still assumes 450 ha.
  3. ↑ Early protourbane centers in the northwest Pontic region? Investigation of a large Cucuteni-Tripol'e-era settlement. German Archaeological Institute ( Memento from June 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ Aleksey G. Korvin-Piotrovskiy, Tripolye Culture in Ukraine. In: Francesco Menotti, Aleksey G. Korvin-Piotrovskiy (eds.), The Tripolye Culture Giant-Settlements in Ukraine, Formation, development and decline. Oxford, Oxbow Books 2012, 7. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dvmn . 6
  5. ↑ Cucuteni-Trypillya: una grande civiltà dell'antica Europa , press release on the occasion of the opening of an exhibition at Sapienza - Università di Roma from September 16 to October 31, 2008 (RTF).
  6. ↑ Aleksey G. Korvin-Piotrovskiy, Tripolye Culture in Ukraine. In: Francesco Menotti, Aleksey G. Korvin-Piotrovskiy (eds.), The Tripolye Culture Giant-Settlements in Ukraine, Formation, development and decline. Oxford, Oxbow Books 2012, 7. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dvmn . 6
  7. ↑ This and the following from: Malcolm C. Lillie, Chelsea E. Budd, Inna D. Potekhina, Douglas Price, Mykhailo Sokhatsky et al .: First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote , Ukraine , in: Documenta Praehistorica 44 (2017) 306-325.
  8. ↑ Malcolm C. Lillie, Chelsea E. Budd, Inna D. Potekhina, Douglas Price, Mykhailo Sokhatsky et al .: First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, Ukraine , in: Documenta Praehistorica 44 (2017) 306-325, p. 309: Human remains from the time between 4900 and 3400 BC Are known only from Luka Ustynska, Soloncheny II, Veremye, Nezvysko and Lipkany, but they are in a very bad state of preservation.
  9. ↑ John Chapman, Mikhail Yu. Videiko, Duncan Hale, Bisserka Gaydarska, Natalia Burdo, Knut Rassmann, Carsten Mischka , Johannes Müller, Aleksey Korvin-Piotrovskiy, Volodymyr Kruts 2014. The Second Phase of the Trypillia Mega-Site Methodological Revolution: A New Research Agenda. European Journal of Archeology 17.3, 373, DOI: 10.1179 / 1461957114Y.0000000062
  10. ^ R. Hofmann et al. 2019, Governing Tripolye: Integrative architecture in Tripolye settlements. PLoS ONE 14/9, 5. https: // doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222243
  11. ↑ Aleksey G. Korvin-Piotrovskiy, Tripolye Culture in Ukraine. In: Francesco Menotti, Aleksey G. Korvin-Piotrovskiy (eds.), The Tripolye Culture Giant-Settlements in Ukraine, Formation, development and decline. Oxford, Oxbow Books 2012, 7. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dvmn . 6
  12. ↑ The corrected figures from: Malcolm C. Lillie, Chelsea E. Budd, Inna D. Potekhina, Douglas Price, Mykhailo Sokhatsky et al .: First isotope analysis and new radiocarbon dating of Trypillia (Tripolye) farmers from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote, Ukraine , in: Documenta Praehistorica 44 (2017) 306–325, here: p. 309.
  13. ↑ René Ohlrau, Marta Dal Corso, Wiebke Kirleis, Johannes Müller, Living on the Edge? Carrying Capacities of Trypillian Settlements in the Buh-Dnipro Interfluve. In: Johannes Müller, Knut Rassmann, Mykhailo Videiko (eds.), Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory 4100-3400 BCE . London, Routledge 2016, 208
  14. ↑ Marta Dal Corso, Welmoed A. Out, René Ohlrau, Robert Hofmann, Stefan Dreibrodt, Mikhail Videiko, Johannes Müller, Wiebke Kirleis: Where are the cereals? Contribution of phytolith analysis to the study of subsistence economy at the Trypillia site Maidanetske (approx. 3900-3650 BCE), central Ukraine , in: Journal of Arid Environments 157 (2018) 137–148.
  15. ^ R. Hofmann et al. 2019, Governing Tripolye: Integrative architecture in Tripolye settlements. PLoS ONE 14/9, 48. https: // doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222243
  16. ↑ Nataliia Chub: Wheel , carriage and sledge models of the Cucuteni-Trypillja culture as evidence of the genesis and spread of the innovation of the carriage. Excellence Cluster TOPOI: The Formation and Transformation of Space and Knowledge in Ancient Civilizations [1] , accessed October 30, 2016
  17. ↑ Sándor József Sztáncsuj, Az erősdi kora rézkori kincslelet. Dolgozatok az Erdélyi Múzeum Éremés Régiségtárából NS 2, 2007, 49-66