Lentil vetch

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Lentil vetch
Lentil vetch (Vicia ervilia), illustration

Lentil vetch ( Vicia ervilia ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Fabeae
Genre : Sweet peas ( Vicia )
Type : Lentil vetch
Scientific name
Vicia ervilia
( L. ) Willd.

The lens vetch ( Vicia ervilia ), also called Wick lens , stone lens , bitter-sweet pea , Erwenlinse , ERDF or Ervilie is a species of the genus vetch ( Vicia ) in the subfamily of Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) within the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) . It is one of the first arable crops that were cultivated by humans at the time of the Neolithic Revolution ( band ceramic culture ).

description

Vegetative characteristics

The lentil vetch grows as an annual herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 65 centimeters. The root formation is weak, but a strong main root is formed. The angular, scattered hairy to balding stems are erect or ascending, simple or branched from the base to the top.

The pinnate leaves are usually 10 to 15 centimeters long and much longer than the internodes . On the bald or scattered hairy leaf rhachis there are 8 to 15 pairs of leaflets, slightly offset. The leaf hachis does not end with a tendril, but with a spike tip. The leaflets are 5, usually 15 to 17 millimeters in length and 1, usually 4.5 to 5 millimeters wide, obscure-lanceolate or linear with a marginal or blunt and short-pointed upper end. There is pinnate and network nerve. The relatively small stipules are 4 to 8 millimeters long and 0.5 to 2 millimeters wide and lanceolate, semi-spear-shaped and sometimes toothed.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from April to May or July, depending on the location. There is an inflorescence stem 2 to 3 centimeters long. The traubigen inflorescences with a length of 2.5 to 5 centimeters significantly shorter than the carrying them, leaves and contain two to four pedunculated, nodding flowers. The rhachis inflorescence is 1.5 to 4 inches long. The flower stalk is 1 to 2 millimeters long.

The hermaphroditic flowers are 7 to 8 millimeters long and zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five sepals are fused bell-shaped. The calyx teeth, which are all about the same length, are quite narrow and slightly longer (1.5 to 3 times) than the 2.5 to 3 millimeter long calyx tube, which has ten nerves. With a length of 6 to 7.5 millimeters, the bald chalice is much shorter than the crown and has an asymmetrical base and a crooked throat. The five light pink petals stand together in the shape of the typical butterfly flower . The yellowish-white flag has a purple-colored pattern and is obovate-oblong with a length of 7 to 9 millimeters and a width of 4.4 to 5.6 millimeters. The wings are light purple on the back. The anthers are elongated with a length of 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters. The only carpel is bare.

The hanging, bare legumes are 15 to 22 millimeters long and 4 to 5 millimeters wide, with a short beak at the front and a string of pearls between the two to four seeds. The yellow-brown to reddish-gray, with longer storage turn darker in color, sometimes showing dark spots, have a diameter of 3.5 to 5.5 millimeters, are bare, smooth to pitted, large and mostly conspicuously triangular with a length of about 1 millimeter oval navel. The thousand grain mass is 20 to 60 g.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 7; there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 14.

ecology

The flowers are often visited by bees . There is foreign, but mostly self-fertilization .

Occurrence

The original distribution area of the lentil vetch includes Anatolia , northern Iraq and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains in Syria and Lebanon .

Systematics

It was first published in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Ervum ervilia by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, page 738. The new combination to Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. was published in 1802 by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Species Plantarum , Editio quarta, 3, 2, page 1103. The specific epithet ervilia refers to the Roman name of a legume species. Another synonym for Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. is Lens pygmaea Grossh.

Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. belongs to the section Ervilia from the genus Vicia .

Common names in other languages

In other languages ​​there are the common names : bitter vetch (English), gavdaneh (Persian), kersannah (Arabic), yero (Spanish), rovi (Greek) and burçak (Turkish).

History as a cultivated plant and use

In Morocco , Spain and Turkey , the lentil vetch is still grown as a fodder for ruminants . Cultivation and harvest are easy and the lentil vetch also thrives in poorly deep, alkaline soils .

When the pods are removed, the seeds of the lentil vetch resemble those of the lentil ( Lens culinaris ). For human consumption, however, the bitter substances contained must be removed by renewing the boiling water several times. The seeds are eaten in soups. The bitter substances can be in cyanogenic glycosides , canavanine , and various proteins of the type trypsin - inhibitors differentiate. Since mostly foodstuffs that are easier to process have been available for many decades, the lentil vetch is only consumed by the poorest social classes or in times of need.

Pliny the Elder mentioned that the lentil vetch, like other types of vetch ( Vicia ), were of medical interest and cited the writings of Augustus in which the Roman emperor stated that he had recovered from eating the lentil vetch ( Naturalis Historia 18.38).

In earlier times, the "bean flour" obtained from the pea flour of the lentil vetch found medicinal uses as well as the bean flour from the broad bean or the kidney bean .

This legume is a particularly good feed concentrate for sheep and cattle , while pigs and horses tolerate the bitter substances just as little as humans. It is different with ruminants such as cattle, goats and sheep, which tolerate the legume components very well. Ever since agriculture developed in the Levant , the nutritional value of all parts of the plant has been valued by the farmers.

Traces of the earliest cultivations were found in various archaeological sites in Turkey , the age of which is estimated according to the radiocarbon method at the 7th and 6th millennium BC.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Gustav Hegi , H. Gams, H. Marzell: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. 2nd Edition. Volume IV. Part 3: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (5) (Leguminosae - Tropaeolaceae). Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1964, ISBN 3-489-70020-1 (unchanged reprint from 1923-1924 with addendum). Pp. 1512-1514.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Walter H. Schuster, Joachim Alkämper, Richard Marquard, Adolf Stählin: Legumes for grain use: Grain legumes of the world , Justus Liebig University Gießen, 1998 .: Walter H Schuster: Vicia L .: Linswicke, Ervilie (Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. = Ervum ervilia L., = E. plicatum Moench, = Ervilia sativa Link) .
  3. ↑ Eckhard Laufer: A late-band ceramic earthwork near Usingen in the Taunus. www.jungsteinsite.de - Article from February 12, 2002.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Flora Vascular de Andalucía Occidental : Vicia ervilia online at Flora Vascular .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n S. Talavera, C. Aedo, S. Castroviejo, C. Romero, L. Sáez, FJ Salgueiro, M. Velayos: LXXXVIIII. LEGUMINOSAE In: Flora Iberica - Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Volume VII. Vicia ervilia online at Flora Vascular .
  6. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 609.
  7. ↑ Vicia ervilia at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. ↑ Linné 1753: scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  9. ↑ Willdenow 1802: scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  10. ↑ a b Vicia ervilia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 15, 2018.
  11. ↑ Günther Blaich: data sheet with photo.
  12. ↑ a b L. López Bellido: Grain legumes for animal feed. In: JE Hernándo Bermejo, J. León (Eds.): Plant Production and Protection Series , No. 26, FAO, Rome 1994, pp. 273-288. online at New Crop Resource Online Program = NewCROP, June 12, 1998.
  13. ↑ a b Vicia ervilia at Tropicos.org. In: 80 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  14. ↑ a b Dirk Enneking, Clive M. Francis: Development of Vicia ervilia as a grain crop for Southern Australia. 1997, accessed October 31, 2014.
  15. ↑ Vicia ervilia at Plants For A Future . Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  16. ^ A b Daniel Zohary, Maria Hopf: Domestication of Plants in the Old World. 3. Edition. University Press, Oxford 2000, p. 116.
  17. ↑ Jürgen Martin: The 'Ulmer Wundarznei'. Introduction - Text - Glossary on a monument to German specialist prose from the 15th century. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1991 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 52), ISBN 3-88479-801-4 (also medical dissertation Würzburg 1990), p. 120 ( bōnenmel ).

Web links

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