List of ancient Roman emperors

Augustus is considered the first Roman emperor.

The list of Roman emperors of antiquity includes all the emperors of the Roman Empire from Augustus , who died in 27 BC. Founded the principate until Herakleios , whose reign 610–641 (from 613 together with Constantine III. ) Is the latest epoch boundary that can be considered for the end of antiquity . Some researchers set earlier endpoints for the ancient imperial era, for example after Theodosius I (395), Romulus Augustulus (476), Justinian I (565) or Maurikios (602).

The Roman Empire is traditionally divided into two periods: the time of the principality , including the Empire crisis of the third century , and in the late antiquity from about 284, formerly called Dominat was called. The list has overlapped with the list of Byzantine emperors for about three centuries since the sole rule of Constantine I 324–337 .

In terms of constitutional law, there is no difference between the Roman and the Byzantine Empire , because modern research only describes the Greek-influenced great power as Byzantine, which emerged from the Eastern Roman Empire in the course of late antiquity and the beginning of the early Middle Ages .

The German word Kaiser and the Russian Tsar derive from Gaius Iulius Caesar , who rose to dictator in the final phase of the Roman Republic and whose cognomen Caesar was taken over by his heir Augustus and his successors.

Explanations

The following list shows the emperors with their portraits (primarily contemporary busts or coins ), their names commonly used in the German-speaking world , their full names and titulatures (if known or accessible), their periods of reign and, under notes, any special features. In the case of Eastern Roman emperors, preference is given to the Latin version of the name, even if the names are originally Greek (examples: Anastasius instead of Anastasios , Zeno instead of Zenon ). The Greek name is only used if the corresponding Latin version is not in use in German (example: Maurikios instead of Mauricius ).

The legitimately ruling emperors ( Augusti ; example: AUGUSTUS ) are highlighted in white , in CAPSAL and in bold letters , in small caps only nominally (not de facto ) co-rulers of equal rank (since Verus ).

Greasing is not required in the following cases:

Emperors and their co-rulers who are not universally or not nationwide recognized (examples: MAXENTIUS , MAGNUS MAXIMUS and Victor )

Emperor of the Imperium Galliarum

after the division of the empire in 395 in the west without the consent of the Eastern Roman senior Augustus (example: JOHANNES )

Counter-emperors who temporarily ousted the legitimate ruler, provided they came from the ruling dynasty and their rule was recognized by the Roman or Byzantine Senate (example: BASILISCUS )

In the column Full name and title are listed:

the name before adoption or assumption of power (italic)

possibly the title of Caesar or heir to the throne

the title (nomen imperatoris) used as Augustus (last )

Elements of the official "core title" are in small caps ( bold only for main emperors and here only the consistently traditional components of the title; italics : not universally or not recognized throughout the empire). Elements of filiation , republican functional titles and triumphant titles are set in small capitals (the triumphant titles were often not all carried at the same time, the order also varies in the sources; in brackets: possibly only unofficial or cataloged). Are listed i. d. Usually only terms of the self-designation of the emperor in the most extensive known titulature. If there is no documented self-designation, the titulature on the coins is used. In individual cases, numismatically or epigraphically documented epithets are added in brackets (example: in late antiquity perpetuus appears regularly on imperial coins instead of the semper customary in documents ). The form of address dominus noster is not included , as it was not part of the official self-designation.

The reign is valid for the term of office as Augustus or (for main emperors) for the time of sole rule , for usurpers and pretenders to the period of the claim to power.

In the Comments column , sub- emperors or designated heirs to the throne (Caesares) , if they did not later rule independently, are assigned to the respective emperors, stating the years of their co-regent or dignity (year in italics : only nominal) (example: Maximus ). The bold type does not apply to presumptive heirs to the throne ( principes iuventutis , nobilissimi ) who were no longer officially proclaimed Caesar or Augustus as a result of their own death or as a result of the death or disempowerment of the emperor (examples: Marcellus , Romulus ).

Listed as (co-) regents in the comment column are:

bold: holder of the tribunicia potestas (principal; example: Agrippa )
Praetorian prefects acting as imperial guardians or imperial administrators (example: Timesitheus )

in late antiquity, bearer of the title of Patricius in connection with the office of army master and attachment to the imperial family (example: Stilicho )

So-called “Kaisermacher” are marked with the preposition “through” (example: “through Ricimer ”).

Empresses ( Augustae ) are called regents if they were nominally equal to the emperor and exercised the power of government for him (example: Agrippina ) or after the death of the emperor (temporarily) took over the rule (example: Etruscilla ).

Not listed are appointed by the emperor and the Roman citizenship equipped clientele princes who in de jure located outside the imperial borders vassal states (regna) have ruled (examples: Prasutagus , Abgar ) and late antique Foederatenkönige on imperial territory (example: Wallia ).

Italicized in the comment column:

Heir to the throne whose co-emperor or Caesarism has not been proven (examples: Arcadius II , Candidianus )
De facto rulers (imperial administrators) who were not dynastically linked to the emperor in question (example: Arbogast under Valentinian II.)
Candidates for the throne who, through their own resignation ( recusatio imperii ), indirectly became "emperor-makers" when the throne was vacant (example Macrinus Kaiser "after resignation by Adventus ")

Opposing emperors and usurpers are highlighted in gray . "Counter-emperors" are usurpers or pretenders to the throne in the narrower sense, who have acquired the imperial title themselves or who have been acclaimed by their troops or supporters (VERSAL or in small caps : Augustus title evidenced by coins or inscriptions). This also applies to counter-emperors who temporarily held the throne, provided that the legitimate ruler on imperial territory continued to develop his own government activities and refused recognition to the rival (example: ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS against Iulius Nepos). Subsequently legitimized counter-emperors who were unable to assert their claim to power during their lifetime are also greased by the Senate (example: GORDIAN I and Gordian II ).

"Usurper" are designated in the list as characters,

for whom the formal act of elevation to the emperor has not been passed down with certainty, but who have de facto appropriated imperial powers or behaved disloyally and held a not insignificant territorial power base or dynastic position,
or where the outrage was geographically so limited (at most one province ) and so briefly (at most a few days) that de facto there was no endangerment of the legitimate emperor.

Usurpers and pretenders to the throne who only have a regional / local or peripheral power base or who have only ruled for a short time or have made a claim to power are set in small caps .

Also listed are non-Roman rulers who claimed a position similar to an emperor in late antiquity on former imperial territory or in territories under nominal Roman sovereignty ( imitatio imperii ; example: Theudebert ). If the regent position was officially legitimized by receiving Roman honorary titles, the figures are listed with the respective emperor (example: Clovis under Anastasius I).

Italicized are:

Rebels , conspirators or separatists , for whom it is unlikely or at least uncertain whether they claimed the imperial dignity, but who were stylized as usurpers ( tyranni ) in the tradition (example: Clodius Macer )
Late antique Jewish - Samaritan "kings" in Palestine, whose messianic claim called the legitimacy of (Christian) imperial rule into question (example: Patricius )

Lowercase are most likely non-historical or fictional characters in the era of imperial crisis of the third century (example: Trebellianus ).

With regard to the opposing emperors, the list does not claim to be complete, especially since nothing or almost nothing is known about some of them apart from their names.

List of Roman emperors

Early and High Imperial Era (Principal)

portrait	Surname	Full name and title	Reign	Remarks
Julian-Claudian dynasty
	AUGUSTUS	Gaius Octavius Gaius Iulius Gai / Divi (Iuli) filius Caesar IIIvir rei publicae constituendae, augur , consul, imperator III Imperator Caesar Divi filius IIIvir rei publicae constituendae II, augur, XVvir sacris faciundis , consulari potestate / consul VII, imperatus senatus VII Imperator Caesar Divi filius Augustus pontifex maximus , consul XIII , tribunicia potestate XXXVII, imperator XXI, pater patriae	27 BC -14 AD	Adoptive son Caesar since 44 ( Emperor from 43 / 40 ), with Marcellus (. 25-23 BC.) And Agrippa (23 / 18-12 BC..); Emperor: Drusus (10–9 BC); Caesares: Gaius (17 BC – 4 AD, Emperor from 3), Lucius (17 BC – 2 AD), Agrippa Postumus (4–6 / 7)
	TIBERIUS	Tiberius Claudius Nero Tiberius Julius Augusti filius Divi nepos Caesar augur, XVvir sacris faciundis, VIIvir epulonum , tribunicia potestate XVI, consul II, Emperor VII, ( princeps iuventutis ) (Emperor) Tiberius Caesar divi Augusti filius (Divi [July] nepos ) Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXVIII, consul V, imperator VIII, (pater patriae)	14-37	Co-regent 6–1 BC . Chr and from 4/13 ( Emperor .. For 10/9 BC), Caesar since 4, 22-23 with Drusus ( Caesar since 4 /19); Emperor: Blaesus (22); Caesares: Germanicus ( 4 / 14-19, Imperator from 9/13), Nero ( 6 / 23-27 / 29), Drusus ( 7 / 23-30 / 31); Regent: Sejan (26 / 30–31)
	Clement	unknown	16	Usurper (?, As "Agrippa Postumus") in Italy
	CALIGULA	Gaius Iulius Caesar (Germanicus) pontifex , augur Gaius Caesar Germanici Caesaris filius Tiberii Augusti nepos divi Augusti pronepos divi Iuli Abnepos Augustus Germanicus (Britannicus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator (VIII), consul IV, pater	37-41	Caesar since 12 /35, 38 (?) Lepidus ; Caesar: Tiberius Gemellus ( 19/35 −37/38)
	CLAUDIUS	Tiberius Claudius Drusus Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus Tiberius Claudius Drusi filius Caesar Augustus Germanicus pontifex maximus, ( proconsul ), tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator XXVII, pater patriae, censor , consul V	41-54	Caesar: Britannicus (from 43)
	Scribonianus	Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus	42	Usurper in Dalmatia
	Silius	Gaius Silius	48	Usurper (?) In Rome (through Messalina )
	NERO	Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Nero Claudius Augusti filius Caesar Drusus Germanicus Pontifex, augur, XVvir sacris faciundis, VIIvir epulonum, consul designatus, princeps iuventutis Emperor Nero Claudius divi Claudi filius Germanici Caesaris nepos Tiberii Caesaris Augusti pronepos divi Augusti abnepos Caesar Augustus Germanicus Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator XIII, consul V, pater patriae	54-68	Caesar since 50; Regents: Agrippina (up to 55), Burrus (55–59, with Seneca )
Four emperor year
	GALBA	(Lucius Livius Ocella) Servius Sulpicius Galba Servius Galba Imperator Caesar Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul II, (pater patriae)	68-69	against Nero (by Vindex , after renunciation by Verginius Rufus ); Caesar: Piso (69)
	Clodius Macer	Lucius Clodius Macer	68	Usurper in Africa (and Sicily?)
	Nymphidius	Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus	68	Usurper in Rome
	Capito	(Gaius?) Fonteius Capito	68	Usurper (?) In Lower Germany
	OTHO	Marcus Salvius Otho Imperator Marcus Otho (Nero) Caesar Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul	69	against Galba
	VITELLIUS	Aulus Vitellius Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator tribunicia potestate Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator (Caesar) Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, imperator III, consul (perpetuus?), (Pater patriae?)	69	against Galba and Otho, with Vitellius Junior
	Albinus	Lucceius Albinus	69	Usurper (?) In Mauritania
Flavian dynasty
	VESPASIAN	Titus Flavius Vespasianus Imperator Titus Flavius Vespasianus Caesar Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate X, imperator XX, pater patriae, censor, consul IX	69 -79	against Vitellius, 69 nominally Caesar
	Iulius Sabinus	(Gaius?) Iulius Sabinus	70	Counter-Emperor in Northern Gaul, with Iulius Classicus
	TITUS	Titus Flavius Vespasianus Titus Caesar Vespasianus consul, princeps iuventutis Titus Caesar Augusti filius Vespasianus Imperator pontifex, tribunicia potestate VIII, imperator XIV, consul VII, censor, ( collegiorum omnasium sacerdos ) Imperator Titus Caesar divi , tribunicia vespasianus maximius XI, imperator XVII, pater patriae, censor, consul VIII	79-81	Co-regent since 71 ( imperator since 70 ), Caesar since 69
	Terentius Maximus	unknown	79/80	Usurper (as "Nero") in Asia Minor
	DOMITIAN	Titus Flavius Domitianus Caesar divi Augusti Vespasiani filius Domitianus consul VII, princeps iuventutis, collegiorum omnium sacerdos Imperator Caesar divi Vespasiani filius Domitianus Augustus Germanicus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XVI, censoria potestria XXII., Consulia potestria XVI	81-96	Caesar since 69 (until 70 regent with Mucianus ), 95 with Vespasian Junior and Domitian Junior ; Caesar: Flavius (until 82?)
	Saturninus	Lucius Antonius Saturninus	89	Counter-emperor in Upper Germany
Adoptive Emperor and Antonine Dynasty
	NERVA	Marcus Cocceius Nerva Imperator Nerva Caesar Augustus Germanicus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate III, imperator II, consul IV, (proconsul?), Pater patriae	96-98
	Nigrinus	Marcus Cornelius Nigrinus Curiatius Maternus	97	Usurper (?) In Syria
	TRAJAN	Marcus Ulpius (Marci filius) Traianus Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Germanicus tribunicia potestate II, consul II Imperator Caesar divi Nervae filius Nerva Traianus optimus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus Parthicus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXI, imperator XIII, proconsul, consul patria VI	98-117	Caesar and co-regent since 97
	HADRIAN	Publius Aelius (Publii filius Sergia) Hadrianus Emperor Caesar divi (Nervae) Trajani (Augusti) Parthici filius divi Nervae nepos (Nerva) Traianus Hadrianus (Optimus) Augustus (Dacicus maximus Britannicus maximus Germanicus maximus Parthicus) Olympius panhellenius panionius , pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXII, imperator II, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul	117-138	Caesar 117 (?), 136-138 with Lucius Aelius ( Caesar since 136)
	ANTONINUS PIUS	Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius (Arrius) Antoninus Emperor Titus Aelius Caesar (Hadrianus) Antoninus tribunicia potestate, consul (designatus II) Emperor Caesar divi Hadriani filius divi Trajani Parthici nepos divi Nervae pronepos Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius (Germanicus Dacicus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXIV, imperator II, consul IV, pater patriae	138-161	138 Caesar and co-regent
	MARK AUREL	(Marcus Annius?) Catilius Severus Marcus Annius Verus Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus (Marcus Aelius) Aurelius Caesar (imperatoris Caesaris Titi Aeli Hadriani Antonini) Augusti Pii filius, (Pontifex?) Tribunicia potestate XIV, consul III, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar divi Antonini filius divi Veri Parthici maximi frater divi Hadriani nepos divi Traiani Parthici pronepos divi Nervae Abnepos Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Pius) Augustus (Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus maximus) Germanicus Sarmaticus , pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXIV, consule imperator III	161-180	Co-regent since 147, Caesar since 139; Caesar: Annius Verus (166-169)
	Verus	Lucius Ceionius Commodus Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Imperator Caesar divi Antonini filius divi Hadriani nepos divi Traiani Parthici pronepos divi Nervae verkabos Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus Armeniacus Medicus Parthicus maximus , pontifex, tribunicia potestate IX, imperator V, cons	161-169	Co-emperor Marcus Aurelius
	Avidius Cassius	Emperor Caesar Gaius Avidius Cassius Augustus	175	Counter-emperors in Syria and Egypt
	COMMODUS	Lucius Aurelius Commodus Caesar Augusti filius, Germanicus Sarmaticus, pontifex, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antonini Augusti filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Traiani Parthici Abnepos divi Nervae adnepos, Germanicus, Germanicus adnepos, consul designatus, princeps iuventutis Emperor Caesar Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus Antonini Augusti filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Trajani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos, Germanicus Sarmaticus, (pontifex) tribunicia potestate V, Emperor III, consul II, pater patriae Emperor Caesar divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Trajani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Lucius / Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus (armeniacus Medicus Parthicus maximus) Sarmaticus Germanicus (maximus) Britannicus , pater senatus , pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XVI, imperato r VIII, consul VI, pater patriae Emperor Caesar divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici filius divi Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Trajani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus pius Felix Sarmaticus Germanicus maximus Britannicus, pacator Orbis , invictus Hercules Romanus ( exsuperatorius amazonius ), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XVIII, imperator VIII, consul VII, pater patriae	180-192	Co- emperor since 177 , co-regent since 176, Caesar since 166; Regents: Perennis (182-185, Usurper 185), Cleander (188-189 / 90)
	Priscus	Caerellius (Marcianus?) Priscus or Titus Caunius Priscus	184?	Usurper (?) In Britain
	Maternus	unknown	185 / 86-187	Usurper (?) In southern Gaul (and northern Italy?)
	Alexander	Julius Alexander	190/91?	Usurper (?) In Syria
Second year of the four emperors
	PERTINAX	Publius Helvius Pertinax Imperator Caesar Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul II, pater patriae, princeps senatus	193	by Laetus , after resignation by Glabrio and Pompeianus ; Caesar: Pertinax Junior
	Maternus	Triarius Maternus Lascivius	193	Usurper (?) In Rome; Successor: Falco
	DIDIUS IULIANUS	Marcus Didius Severus Iulianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Didius Severus Iulianus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, (consul), pater patriae	193	surpassed Sulpicianus
	PESCENNIUS NIGER	Lucius Pescennius Niger Imperator Caesar Gaius Pescennius Niger Iustus Augustus consul II	193-194	Counter-emperor in the east
Severer
	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS	Lucius Septimius Severus Imperator Caesar divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici filius divi Commodi frater divi Antonini Pii nepos divi Hadriani pronepos divi Traiani Parthici abnepos divi Nervae adnepos Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus Arabicus Adiabenicus Parthicus maximus Britannicus maximus, Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XIX, imperator XIII, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul	193-211	against Didius Iulianus, sole ruler from 197 ; Regent: Plautian (202-205)
	CLODIUS ALBINUS	Decimus Clodius Albinus Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar consul II Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus consul II	193- 197	Caesar in Britain, from 195 anti-emperor in the west
	Bulla	Bulla Felix	205-207?	Usurper (?) In Italy
	CARACALLA	Lucius Septimius Bassianus (Imperator destinatus) Marcus Aurel (l) ius (Luci filius) Antoninus Caesar pontifex, princeps iuventutis, particeps imperii Imperator Caesar Luci Septimi Severi Pii Pertinacis Augusti Arabici Adiabenici Parthici maximi Divi Britannici Germani maximi filius divi Antonini Parmi Antonini Pii pronepos divi Hadriani enthepos divi Traiani Parthici et divi Nervae adnepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Antoninus pius felix Augustus Britannicus maximus, pontifex, tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator II (I), consul III, pater patriae, proconsuli Imperatorim Caesar Severii Pertinacis Augusti Arabici Adiabenici Parthici maximi Britannici maximi filius divi Marci Antonini Pii Germanici Sarmatici nepos divi Antonini Pii pronepos divi Hadriani abnepos divi Trajani Parthici et divi Nervae adnepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Severus Antoninus (magnus) pius Felix invictus Augustus Parthicus maximus Britannicus maximus Germanicus maximus arabicus (maximus) adiabenicus (maximus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XX, imperator III (IV), consul IV, pater patriae, proconsul	211-217	Co -emperor since 197/98 , Caesar since 196
	Geta	Publius Septimius Geta Publius / Lucius Septimius (Luci filius) Geta nobilissimus Caesar pontifex, consul II, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Luci / divi Septimi Severi Pii Pertinacis Augusti Arabici Adiabenici Parthosici maximi Britannici maximici pronus Piii German divi Antonini divatici Peposi divi Piii Antoni Hadriani entsepos divi Traiani Parthici et divi Nervae adnepos Publius Septimius Geta pius felix Augustus Britannicus maximus, pontifex, tribunicia potestate IV, consul II, pater patriae	211	Co -emperor since 209, Caesar since 197/98
	MACRINUS	Marcus Opellius Macrinus Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus pius felix (invictus) Augustus (Parthicus maximus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate II, consul (II), pater patriae, proconsul	217-218	after renunciation by Adventus , not a member of the dynasty
	Diadumenianus	Marcus Opellius Diadumenianus Marcus Opellius (Severus) Antoninus Diadumenianus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus pius felix Augustus	218	Co-emperor of Macrinus, Caesar since 217
	ELAGABAL	Varius Avitus Bassianus Imperator Caesar divi Antonini Magni Pii (Augusti) filius divi Severi Pii nepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Antoninus pius felix invictus Augustus sacerdos amplissimus dei invicti Solis Elagabali pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate V, consulriae IV, pater	218-222	against Macrinus; "Caesar": Hierocles (221)
	Gellius Maximus	unknown	219	Counter-emperor in Syria; Successor: Verus (219)
	Seleucus	Iulius Antonius Seleucus or Marcus Flavius Vitellius Seleucus	221/22	Usurper in Lower Moesia (?)
	SEVERUS ALEXANDER	(Marcus Julius Gessius?) Bassianus Alexianus Imperatoris Caesaris Marci Aurel (l) ii Antonini Pii Felicis Augusti filius divi Antonini Magni Pii nepos divi Severi pronepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Alexander nobilissimus Caesar imperi (i) et sacerdotis consul designatus, princeps iuventutis Emperor Caesar divi Antonini Magni Pii (Augusti) filius divi Severi Pii nepos Marcus Aurel (l) ius Severus Alexander (magnus) pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate XIV, imperator X, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul	222-235	Caesar since 221; Regent: Iulia Mamaea (until 224 with Iulia Maesa )
	Seius Sallustius	(Lucius?) Seius (Herennius?) Sallustius Macrinus (?)	227	Usurper (?) In Rome ( Caesar since 225?); alleged predecessor: Ovinius Camillus
	Taurinus	unknown	230/31?	Counter-emperor in Syria or Mesopotamia

Imperial crisis of the 3rd century

portrait	Surname	Full name and title	Reign	Remarks
Early soldier emperors
	MAXIMINUS THRAX	Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus Imperator Caesar Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus pius felix invictus Augustus Germanicus maximus Dacicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus (Parthicus maximus?), Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator VII, consul, proconsul, pater patriae	235- 238	against Severus Alexander; Caesar: Maximus (from 236)
	Magnus	(Gaius Petronius?) Magnus	235?	Usurper in Upper Germany; Successor: Quartinus (235?)
	GORDIAN I.	Marcus Antonius Gordianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (Senior) pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, (consul II), pater patriae, (proconsul)	238	Counter-Emperor in Africa
	Gordian II	Marcus Antonius Gordianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus pius felix Augustus pontifex, tribunicia potestate, consul, pater patriae, (proconsul?)	238	Co-emperor Gordian I.
	PUPIENUS	Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus Imperator Caesar Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus pius felix Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, pater patriae, consul II, pater senatus, (proconsul)	238	against Maximinus Thrax, with Balbinus
	BALBINUS	Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Imperator Caesar Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus pius felix Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, pater patriae, consul II, (pater senatus)	238	against Maximinus Thrax, with Pupienus
	GORDIAN III.	Mark Antony Gordianus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis, nepos divorum Gordianorum Imperator Caesar divi Marci Antoni Gordiani nepos divi Antoni Gordiani sororis filius Mark Antony Gordianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate VII, imperator VII, patule consule VII, imperator	238- 244	238 Caesar under Pupienus and Balbinus; Regents: Gordiana (?, To 241), Timesitheus (241–243); Alleged successor: Marcus
	Sabinianus	(Marcus Triarius Rufinus Asinius?) Sabinianus	240	Counter-Emperor in Africa
	PHILIPPUS ARABS	Marcus Iulius Philippus Imperator Caesar Marcus Iulius Philippus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, (Parthicus Adiabenicus) Persicus maximus Carpicus maximus (Germanicus maximus), tribunicia potestate VI, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul	244-249	Regent since 243 (with Priscus )
	Philip II	Marcus Iulius (Severus) Philippus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus Iulius (Severus) Philippus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, (Carpicus Germanicus), tribunicia potestate III, consul II, pater patriae, (princeps iuventutis)	247-249	Co-emperor of Philip Arab (and of Decius?), Caesar since 244
	Pacatianus	Imperator (Caesar?) Ti (Berius) Claudius Marinus Pacatianus pius felix Augustus	248-248 / 49	Counter-emperor in Moesia and Pannonia
	Iotapianus	Emperor Caesar Marcus F (ulvius?) Ru (fus?) Iotapianus Augustus	248 / 49-249	Counter-emperors in Syria and Cappadocia
	Sponsianus	unknown	?	Counter-Emperor in Dacia (?)
	DECIUS	Gaius Messius Quintus Decius Valeri (a) nus Imperator Caesar Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius pius felix invictus Augustus (Dacicus maximus Germanicus maximus), pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, (imperator II), consul III, pater patriae	249- 251	against Philip Arabs; Regent: Etruscilla (251)
	Valens Licinianus	(Quintus?) Iulius Valens Licinianus	250/51	Counter-Emperor in Rome
	Priscus	Lucius (?) Priscus or Titus Iulius Priscus	250/51	Counter-Emperor in Thrace (by Kniva ?)
	Herennius Etruscus	Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius nobilissimus Caesar tribunicia potestate II, consul (designatus), princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius (pius felix) Augustus tribunicia potestate II, consul, (princeps iuventutis)	251	Co- emperor of Decius, Caesar and co-regent since 250
	Hostilian	Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus nobilissimus Caesar (tribunicia potestate?), Princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus (pius felix invictus) Augustus (tribunicia potestate ?, princeps iuventutis)	251	Co- emperor of Decius (and Trebonianus Gallus?), Caesar (and co-regent?) Since 250
	TREBONIANUS GALLUS	Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Imperator Caesar Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, consul II, pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)	251-253	against Hostilian (?)
	Volusianus	(Imperator) Gaius Vibius Volusianus (nobilissimus) Caesar (tribunicia potestate?), Princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, consulria II, pince i	251-253	Co- emperor of Trebonianus Gallus, 251 Caesar (and co-regent?)
	AEMILIANUS	Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, consul, pater patriae, proconsul	253	against Trebonianus Gallus
	VALERIAN	Publius Licinius Valerianus Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Valerianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus III (Parthicus), tribunicia potestate VIII, consul IV, restitutor orbis , pater patriae, proconsul	253- 260	against Aemilianus, with Gallienus; Caesar: Valerian II (256-258, Emperor from 257)
	Silbannacus	Imperator (Caesar?) M (arcus?) A (u?) R (elius?) Silbannacus Augustus	253?	Counter-Emperor in Rome (or Gaul?)
	Uranius Antoninus	Sampsigeramus (?) Imperator (Caesar?) Lucius Iulius Aurelius Sulpicius Severus Uranius Antoninus Augustus (tribunicia potestate II ?, consul)	253-254	Counter-emperor in Syria; Successor (?): Mareades (260 ?, by Shapur I. )
	GALLIENUS	Publius Licinius Gallienus nobilissimus Caesar ( Augustus ) princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Germanicus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus V (Dacicus maximus) Parthicus / Persicus maximus, proculria, viii , (princeps iuventutis)	253-268	Co-emperor in the west, Caesar 253, 260 sole ruler, 268 with Marinianus (?); Imperator: Odaenathus (262–267, east, Rex Regum from 263, with Herodianus )
	Saloninus	Publius (Licinius) Cornelius Saloninus Valerianus / Gallienus nobilissimus Caesar pontifex, princeps iuventutis Imperator (Caesar) Saloninus Valerianus Augustus	260	Co-emperor of Gallienus (against Postumus), Caesar since 258
	Regalianus	Emperor Caesar Publius C (assius) Regalianus Augustus	260	Counter-emperor in Pannonia and Moesia; Predecessor: Ingenuus (260?)
	MACRIANUS	Emperor Caesar Titus Fulvius Junius Macrianus pius felix Augustus consul II	260-261	Counter-emperor in the east (by Macrianus Senior and Ballista ); Successor: Mussius Aemilianus (261–262), Memor (?, 262, both Egypt)
	Quietus	Emperor Caesar Titus Fulvius Junius Quietus pius felix Augustus consul II	260-261	Co-emperor of Macrianus
	Valens	Valens Thessalonicus	261	Counter-emperor in Macedonia (or Greece?); Counter-Emperor: Piso (?)
	Celsus	unknown	?	alleged usurper in Africa
	Trebellianus	unknown	?	alleged usurper in Cilicia
	Aureolus	Emperor Caesar Aureolus Augustus (?)	268	Usurper in Northern Italy
Emperor of the Imperium Galliarum
	POSTUMUS	Imperator Caesar Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus (V?), Tribunicia potestate X, imperator X, consul V, pater patriae, proconsul	260-269	against Gallienus; alleged Caesar and co-emperor: Postumus II.
	Laelianus	Emperor Caesar Ulpius Cor (nelius?) Laelianus pius felix Augustus	269	Counter-emperor in Upper Germany
	MARIUS	Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Marius pius felix Augustus	269	by Victoria (?)
	VICTORINUS	Imperator Caesar Marcus Piavonius Victorinus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate III, consul II, proconsul, pater patriae	269-271	against Marius (?); Regent: Victoria (271); alleged Caesar: Victorinus II.
	Domitianus	Emperor Caesar Domitianus pius felix Augustus	271?	Counter-emperor in North or South Gaul
	TETRICUS I.	Imperator Caesar Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul	271- 274	against Domitianus (?, by Victoria), deposed by Aurelian; Caesar: Tetricus II. (From 272/73, co-emperor 274?)
	Faustinus	unknown	273/74	Usurper in Northern Gaul
Late soldier emperors
	CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS	Marcus Aurelius Claudius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius (Valerius) Claudius pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Gothicus maximus Parthicus maximus, tribunicia potestate III, consul, pater patriae, proconsul	268-270
	Censorinus	unknown	?	alleged usurper in Italy
	QUINTILLUS	Marcus Aurelius Quintillus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate, pater patriae	270
	AURELIAN	Lucius Domitius Aurelian Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelian pius felix invictus Augustus Pontifex Maximus, Germanicus maximus (Britannicus maximus?) Goticus maximus (Sarmaticus maximus? Dacicus maximus) Carpicus maximus Parthicus / Persicus maximus (Arabicus maximus Palmyrenicus maximus Armeni (a) cus maximus? Adiabenicus maximus? ), tribunicia potestate VI (I), consul III, restitutor orbis , pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)	270-275	against Quintillus, from 274 sole ruler; Regent: Severina (?, 275)
	Felicissimus	unknown	271 ?	Usurper (?) In Rome
	Septimius	unknown	271/72	Counter-emperor in Dalmatia
	Urbanus	unknown	271/72	Usurper in?
	VABALLATHUS	V (h) abal (l) athus vir c (onsularis?) Rex imperator dux Romanorum Imperator Caesar Lucius Iulius Aurelius Septimius V (h) abal (l) athus Athenodorus pius felix invictus Augustus (Persicus maximus Arabicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus)	272	Counter-emperor in the east, Rex Regum since 267 (nominally co-regent Aurelians from 270); Regent: Zenobia ; Predecessor: Maeonius (?, 267); Successor: Antiochus (272/73, both Syria), Firmus (?, 273, Egypt)
	TACITUS	Marcus Claudius Tacitus Imperator Caesar Marcus Claudius Tacitus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate II, consul II (I), restitutor rei publicae , pater patriae, proconsul	275-276
	FLORIANUS	Marcus Annius Florianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Annius Florianus pius felix (invictus) Augustus (pontifex maximus, pater patriae, consul ?, proconsul, princeps iuventutis)	276
	PROBUS	Marcus Aurelius Probus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Probus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Gothicus maximus Persicus / Parthicus maximus Germanicus maximus, tribunicia potestate VII, consul V, pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)	276-282	against Florianus
	Lydius	(Palfuerius?) Lydius	278-279	Usurper (?) In Pisidia
	Septimius	Lucius Septimius?	280/81	Usurper (?) In Britain
	Proculus	Emperor Caesar Proculus Augustus	280/81	Counter-Emperor in Lower Germany (and Northern Gaul ?, Britain?), With (?) Bonosus
	Saturninus	Emperor Caesar Gaius Iulius Saturninus Augustus	281	Counter-Emperor in Syria (and Egypt?)
	CARUS	Marcus Numerius (?) Carus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Persicus / Parthicus maximus, pater patriae, tribunicia potestate II, consul II, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)	282-283	against Probus
	CARINUS	Marcus Aurelius Carinus nobilissimus Caesar tribunicia potestate, consul, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus tribunicia potestate, consul, princeps iuventutis, proconsul Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus pius felix invictus, Augustus pontifex maximus maximus, consul, Persus pontifex maximus, Britus maximus maximus II (I), pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)	283- 285	283 co-emperor in the west, co-regent 283, Caesar since 282, until 284/85 (?) With Nigrinian
	Numerian	Marcus Aurelius Numerianus nobilissimus Caesar princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerianus princeps iuventutis, proconsul Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, (Germanicus pontifex maximus, (Germanicus, pontifex maximus?) Persicus maximus paterria, consulicia, maximestus, II patune, proculus Britannicus, Britannicus maximus, patria, Britannicus maximus, patria, Britannicus maximus, tribunria, proconsus Britannicus paterria princeps iuventutis)	283-284	Co-emperor in the east, Caesar since 282; Regent: Aper (Usurper 284?)
	Iulianus	(Marcus?) Sabinus Iulianus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Iulianus pius felix Augustus	284-285	Counter-Emperor in Pannonia and Northern Italy

Late antiquity

portrait	Surname	Full name and title	Reign	Remarks
Tetrarchy
	DIOCLETIAN	(Gaius Valerius?) Diocles Emperor Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus pius Felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus Jovius Germanicus maximus VI Sarmaticus maximus IV (Gothicus maximus) Persicus maximus II Britannicus maximus Carpicus maximus armeniacus maximus Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XXII, Emperor XXI, consul IX (X), pater patriae, proconsul	284 -305	against Carinus, 285 sole ruler, from 286 emperor in the east, until 311/313 senior Augustus in Dalmatia
	Amandus	Imperator C (aesar) C (aius) Amandus pius felix Augustus (?)	285/86	Usurper in Gaul, with (?) Aelianus
	Domitianus	Emperor Caesar Lucius Domitius Domitianus Augustus	296 / 97-297 / 98	Counter-emperor in Egypt; Successor: Achilles (297/98)
	Eugenius	unknown	303/04	Usurper in Syria
	MAXIMIAN	(Marcus) Aurelius Valerius Maximianus nobilissimus Caesar Imperator Caesar frater Augusti Diocletiani Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus pius felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus Herculius Germanicus maximus V Sarmaticus maximus III (Gothicus maximus arms) Persicus maximicus maximicus medicus maximus Maximiacus Ade, tribus maximus Maximiacus Carpaben XXI, imperator XX, consul VIII (IX), pater patriae, proconsul	286-305 307- 308 310	Emperor in the west, Caesar since 285, until 307 senior Augustus in Italy co-emperor of Maxentius and Constantine I, against Severus and Galerius, emperor in the west, against Constantine I.
	CARAUSIUS	Mouse (aeus?) Carausius Imperator Caesar frater Diocletiani et Maximiani Marcus Aurelius Mouse (aeus?) Carausius pius felix invictus Augustus (pontifex maximus, consul IV, pater patriae)	286 / 87-293	Counter-Emperor in Britain and Northern Gaul (from 289/90 nominally Caesar ?)
	Allectus	Imperator Caesar Allectus pius felix invictus Augustus (consul?)	293-296 / 97	Counter-Emperor in Britain
	Iulianus	unknown	296/97	Usurper (?) In Africa
	CONSTANTIUS I.	(Flavius / Julius?) Constantius (Chlorus?) (Marcus / Gaius) Flavius Valerius Constantius Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus Persicus maximus Britannicus maximus Carpicus maximus Medicus Maximus Adiabenicus maximus nobilissimus Caesar Herculius tribunicia potestate XIII, consul V, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Marcus / Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius pius felix (invictus) Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus V (Gothicus maximus) Sarmaticus maximus III Persicus maximus II Britannicus maximus II Carpicus maximus V Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus, tribunicia potestate X (I) V, imperator II, consul VI, Father patriae, proconsul	305-306	Emperor in the west, Caesar and co-regent since 293
	GALLERY	Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus Persicus maximus Britannicus maximus Carpicus maximus Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus nobilissimus Caesar Iovius tribunicia potestate XIII, consul V, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesonticus (Gaius felianus maximexerius Maximexerus VII (Gaius felianus Maximexuserus Valerius VII ) (Gaius felianus Maximexerius Maximexerus VII maximus) Sarmaticus maximus V Persicus maximus III Britannicus maximus II Carpicus maximus VI Armeniacus maximus Medicus maximus Adiabenicus maximus ( Aegyptiacus maximus? Thebaicus maximus?), tribunicia potestate XX, imperator XIX, consul VII, pater patriae, proconsul	305-311	Emperor in the East, Caesar and co-regent since 293 ; Caesar: Candidianus (from 310/11)
	SEVERUS	(Gaius / Marcus?) Flavius Valerius Severus nobilissimus Caesar Imperator Caesar Flavius Valerius Severus pius felix Augustus tribunicia potestate III, imperator (II), consul	306-307	Emperor in the west, Caesar and co-regent since 305
	MAXENTIUS	Marcus Valerius Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Maxentius (nobilissimus Caesar) princeps invictus Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius pius felix invictus (et aeternus / ac perpetuus) Augustus pontifex maximus (Herculius?) Tribunicia potestate VI, consul IV, pater patulriae	306- 312	Emperor in the west (nominally Caesar until 307 ), against Severus and Licinius, 308–309 with Romulus
	Alexander	Valerius Alexander (?) Emperor Caesar Lucius Domitius Alexander pius felix invictus Augustus	308-309 / 10	Counter-Emperor in Africa (Co-Emperor Constantine I?)
	LICINIUS	Gaius Valerius Licinianus Licinius Imperator Caesar Gaius / Flavius Valerius Licinianus Iovius Licinius pius felix invictus (semper) Augustus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus, tribunicia potestate XVII, imperator IV, consul VI, pater patriae, proconsul	308 - 324	Emperor in the west, from 311/313 in the east; Caesar: Licinius II. (From 317)
	Severianus	(Gaius / Marcus?) Flavius (Valerius?) Severianus	313	Usurper (?) In Cilicia
	MAXIMINUS DAIA	(Gains) Galerius Valerius Maximinus nobilissimus Caesar Jovius (pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate VI, consul, pater patriae, proconsul), propagator Orbis terrarum , filius Augustorum Emperor Caesar Galerius Valerius Jovius Maximinus pius Felix invictus Augustus pontifex maximus, Persicus Sarmaticus Germanicus, tribunicia potestate IX, imperator (IX), consul III, pater patriae, proconsul	310-313	Emperor in the East, Caesar and co-regent since 305
	Valens	Emperor Caesar (Gaius?) Aurelius Valerius Valens pius felix Augustus	316 - 317 ?	Co-emperor of Licinius, against Constantine I.
	Martinianus	Emperor Caesar Mar (cius?) Martinianus pius felix Augustus	324	Co-emperor of Licinius, against Constantine I.
Constantinian Dynasty
	CONSTANTINE I.	Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus Flavius Valerius Constantinus (pius) nobilissimus Caesar divi Constanti pii Augusti filius Herculius tribunicia potestate II (VI), (imperator V), consul, princeps iuventutis / filius Augustorum Imperator Caesar. Marci Aureli Valeri Maximiani Augustiusi Augustius. Filius Flavius Valerius Constantinus pius felix (invictus) Augustus pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate VI, consul, imperator V, pater patriae, proconsul Imperator Caesar divi Constanti pii Augusti filius divi Claudi nepos Flavius Valerius Constantinus maximus pius felix German invexus maximus Augustus pontaticus maximus III, Sarmatic maximus II Britannicus maximus Persicus maximus Carpicus / (Cappadocicus?) maximus Adiabenicus / (Arabicus?) maximus Medicus maximus armeniacus maximus Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XX, consul VI, Emperor XIX, restitutor libertatis , restitutor totius Orbis , pater patriae, proconsul Emperor Caesar divi Constanti pii Augusti fili US divi Claudi nepos Flavius Valerius Constantine maximus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus IV Sarmaticus maximus III Britannicus maximus Gothicus maximus II Dacicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXIII, consul VIII, Emperor XXXII pius Felix victor ac triumfator (omnium gentium ) semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul	306 / 307-337	Emperor in the west ( nominally Caesar and co-regent up to 310 ), sole ruler from 324 ; Caesares: Bassianus (314/316, Italy), Crispus (317–326, co-regent in Gaul), Dalmatius (from 335, co-regent in the Balkans); Rex : Hannibalianus (from 335/36, Cappadocia?)
	Calocaerus	unknown	333/34?	Usurper in Cyprus
	CONSTANTINE II.	Flavius Claudius Constantinus Iunior Alamannicus (Germanicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus) nobilissimus / beatissimus Caesar consul IV, princeps iuventutis Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Constantinus Alamannicus maximus Germanicus maximus (Sarmaticus maximus) pius felix maximus victor August ac	337-340	Emperor in the west, Caesar (and co-regent) since 317
	CONSTANS	Flavius Iulius Constans nobilissimus / beatissimus Caesar Imperator Caesar divi Constantini filius divorum Maximiani et Constanti nepos divi Claudi pronepos Flavius Iulius Constans Sarmaticus, (consul III) pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator (gentium barbarum ) perpetuus Augustus	337-350	Emperor in the west (338–339 also in the east), Caesar (and co-regent) from 333, up to 340 alongside Constantine II.
	CONSTANTIUS II.	Flavius Julius Constantius Alamannicus Germanicus Gothicus Sarmaticus nobilissimus / beatissimus Caesar tribunicia potestate XIV, Emperor XII, consul, princeps iuventutis Emperor Caesar divi Constantini filius Divorum Maximiani et Constanti nepos divi Claudi pronepos Flavius Julius Constantius pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Gothicus maximus Sarmaticus Persicus Adiabenicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XXXIX, imperator XLVI, consul X pius felix maximus ( toto orbe ) victor ( terra marique ) ac triumfator (gentium barbarum) aeternus / perpetuus semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul	337 -361	Emperor in the east, Caesar and co-regent since 324 350/ 353 -360 autocrat; Caesar: Constantius Gallus (351–354, Syria)
	MAGNENTIUS	Magnus Magnentius Imperator Caesar Flavius Magnus Magnentius (pontifex maximus, Alamannicus maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator III, consul II) pius felix maximus invictus / victor ac triumfator (perpetuus) semper Augustus (pater patriae, proconsul)	350- 353	Counter-emperor in the west; Caesar: Decentius (from 350/51, Gaul); alleged Caesar: Desiderius
	Vetranio	(Emperor Caesar) Vetranio pius felix Augustus	350	Co-emperor Constantius II in the Balkans (through Constantina ), against Magnentius
	Nepotianus	(Emperor Caesar) Flavius Iulius Popilius Nepotianus Constantinus pius felix Augustus	350/51	Co-emperor (?) Constantius II in Rome, against Magnentius
	Patricius	unknown	351/52	Against the king in Palestine
	Silvanus	unknown	355	Usurper in Lower Germany
	JULIAN	(Emperor) Flavius Claudius Julian nobilissimus Caesar consul III, (princeps iuventutis?) Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Julian pius felix invictus Augustus Pontifex maximus, tribunicia potestate II, imperator II, consul III, pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis) Imperator Caesar Flavius Claudius Iulianus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Sarmaticus maximus, tribunicia potestate IV, imperator VII ?, consul IV pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator perpetuus semper Augustus restitutor libertatis, liberator orbis Romani , pater patriae, proconsul	360- 363	Emperor in the west, Caesar since 355, sole ruler from 361
	JOVIAN	(Flavius) Iovianus Imperator Caesar Flavius Iovianus pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator (perpetuus) semper Augustus	363 -364	after resignation by Salutius , 364 with Varronian , no member of the dynasty
Valentinian dynasty
	VALENTINIAN I.	(Flavius) Valentinianus Imperator Caesar Flavius Valentinianus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XII, imperator XII, consul IV pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul	364-375	Emperor in the west
	Valentinus	unknown	368	Usurper (?) In Britain
	Firmus	(Imperator Caesar) Firmus perpetuus victor semper Augustus (?)	370 / 372-374 / 75	Counter-emperor (?) In Mauritania and Numidia
	VALENS	(Flavius) Valens Imperator Caesar Flavius Valens pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Gothicus maximus, tribunicia potestate XV, imperator XV, consul VI pius felix maximus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul	364- 378	Emperor in the East, 369–370 / 372 with Galates ; Regent: Domnica (378)
	PROCOPIUS	(Emperor Caesar) Procopius pius felix Augustus	365- 366	Counter-emperor in the east; Successor: Marcellus (366, Bithynia)
	Theodorus	unknown	371	Usurper (?) In Syria
	GRATIAN	Flavius Gratianus nobilissimus puer Emperor Caesar divi Valentiniani Augusti filius Flavius Gratianus pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus Alamannicus maximus Francicus maximus Gothicus maximus (Sarmaticus maximus), tribunicia potestate XVII, Emperor XVII, consul V pius Felix maximus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul, (princeps iuventutis)	375-383	Emperor in the west, co-emperor since 367 , 378–379 also in the east
	VALENTINIAN II.	Flavius Valentinianus Imperator Caesar divi Valentiniani Augusti filius Flavius Valentinianus (Iunior) pius felix (maximus / inclitus) victor ac triumfator perpetuus semper Augustus (princeps iuventutis)	375-392	Emperor in the west, next to Gratian until 383, exile 387–388 in the east; Regents: Justina (up to 387), Arbogast (from 391)
Theodosian Dynasty
	THEODOSIUS I.	Flavius Theodosius Imperator Caesar Flavius Theodosius pius felix perpetuus / (inclitus) victor ac triumfator semper Augustus	379- 395	Emperor in the East (388-391 in the West), from 392/ 394 autocrat
	MAGNUS MAXIMUS	Magnus Maximus Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Magnus Maximus (Britannicus maximus) pius felix perpetuus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus	383- 388	Emperor in the west, against Gratian, from 387 against Valentinian II.
	Victor	Flavius Victor nobilissimus Caesar Imperator (Caesar) Flavius Victor pius felix perpetuus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus	387-388	Co-emperor of Magnus Maximus, Caesar since 384
	EUGENIUS	Emperor (Caesar) Flavius Eugenius pius felix Augustus	392- 394	Counter-Emperor in the West (through Arbogast)
	ARCADIUS	Flavius Arcadius Imperator Caesar Flavius Arcadius pius felix (inclitus) victor ac triumfator ( gentium barbarum ) semper Augustus	395-408	Emperor in the East , co-emperor since 383 ; Regents: Rufinus (395), Eutropius (395–399), Gainas (399, Usurper 400), Eudoxia (400–404)
	HONORIUS	Flavius Honorius nobilissimus puer Imperator Caesar Flavius Honorius pius felix inclitus victor ac (perpetuus) triumfator (gentium barbarum) semper Augustus	395-423	Emperor in the West , co-emperor since 393 (against Eugenius); Regent: Stilicho (up to 408)
	Gildo	unknown	397-398	Usurper (?) In Africa
	CONSTANTINE (III.)	(Emperor Caesar) Flavius Claudius Constantinus pius felix Augustus	407-411	Counter-emperor in Gaul, Britain and Hispania (409 nominally co-emperor of Honorius); Caesar: Julian (from 409/10); Predecessor: Marcus ( 406 ), Gratian (407, both Britain)
	PRISCUS ATTALUS	(Emperor Caesar) Priscus Attalus pius felix Augustus	409- 410 414-415	Counter-emperor in Italy (through Alaric ) and southern Gaul (through Athaulf )
	Constans (II.)	(Emperor Caesar Flavius) Constans pius felix Augustus	409 / 10-411	Co-emperor Constantine (III.), Caesar since 408
	MAXIMUS	(Emperor Caesar) Maximus pius felix Augustus	409 / 10-411 418 / 19-420 / 21	Counter-Emperor in Hispania (by Gerontius or Gunderich )
	JOVINUS	(Emperor Caesar) Iovinus pius felix Augustus restitutor rei publicae	411-413	Counter-Emperor in Gaul (through Gundahar and Goar )
	Sebastianus	(Emperor Caesar) Sebastianus pius felix Augustus	412-413	Co-emperor of Jovinus
	Heraclianus	unknown	412-413	Usurper (?) In Africa
	THEODOSIUS II.	Flavius Theodosius nobilissimus puer Imperator Caesar Flavius Theodosius perpetuus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus	408-450	Emperor in the East, co-emperor since 402 , 423 sole ruler, 439 with Arcadius II (?); Regents: Anthemius (up to 414), Pulcheria (414–416 / 423, 450)
	Constantius III.	Flavius Constantius Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Constantius pius felix Augustus	421	Co-emperor of Honorius (regent since 417), against (?) Theodosius II.
	JOHN	(Emperor Caesar) Iohannes pius felix Augustus	423-425	Emperor in the West (through Castinus ?)
	VALENTINIAN III.	Flavius Placid (i) us Valentinianus nobilissimus Caesar Emperor Caesar Flavius Placid (i) us Valentinianus pontifex inclitus, Germanicus inclitus Alamannicus inclitus (Francicus inclitus) Sarmaticus inclitus, tribunicia potestate XXX, imperator XXX, consul VIII perpetuus (pius Felix) inclitus victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul	425-455	Emperor in the West, Caesar since 424 (against John); Regents: Galla Placidia (to 437), Aetius (435-454); recognized Geiserich and Rechiar as regents in Africa and Hispania
	Vortigern	unknown	426-441?	Usurper (?) In Britain; Successor: Ambrosius Aurelianus (?)
	Pirrus	unknown	428	Usurper (?) In Italy
	Tibatto	unknown	435-437	Usurper (?) In Gaul
	Basil	unknown	448-454?	Usurper (?) In Hispania (by Rechiar?)
	MARKIAN	(Flavius) Marcianus Emperor Caesar Flavius Marcianus pontifex inclitus, Germanicus inclitus Sarmaticus inclitus Alamannicus inclitus Francicus inclitus, tribunicia potestate VII, VII imperator, consul I perpetuus (pius Felix) inclitus victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus pater patriae, proconsul	450-457	Emperor in the east (through Pulcheria and Aspar , until 452 against Valentinian III), from 456 sole ruler
	PETRONIUS MAXIMUS	Flavius Petronius Maximus (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Petronius Maximus pius felix Augustus	455	Emperor in the west; Caesar: Palladius
	AVITUS	(Flavius) Eparchius Avitus (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Eparchius Avitus perpetuus pius felix Augustus	455-456	Emperor in the West (by Theodoric II. )
Thracian dynasty
	LEO I.	(Flavius Valerius?) Leo Imperator Caesar Flavius (novus) Leo perpetuus pius / piissimus (felix) victor ac triumfator maximus semper Augustus	457-474	Emperor in the East (through Aspar), 465–467 and 472–473 sole ruler; Caesar: Patricius (469 / 70–471)
	MAJORIAN	(Flavius) Iulius Valerius Maiorianus Imperator Caesar Flavius Iulius Valerius Maiorianus perpetuus pius felix Augustus	457-461	Emperor in the West (through Ricimer ?), Nominally Caesar (?) In 457 , not a member of the dynasty
	Marcellus	unknown	457?	Usurper (?) In Gaul
	LIBIUS SEVERUS	(Flavius) Libius Severus Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Libius Severus (perpetuus) pius felix Augustus	461-465	Emperor in the West (through Ricimer)
	Aegidius	unknown	461-464 / 65	Usurper (?) In Gaul; Successors: Paulus (469?), Syagrius (up to 486/87 )
	ANTHEMIUS	Flavius Procopius Anthemius (nobilissimus Caesar) Imperator Caesar (Flavius) Procopius Anthemius (perpetuus) pius (felix victor) ac triumfator semper Augustus	467-472	Emperor in the West, Caesar 467; Co-regent: Ricimer (until 470/71)
	Arvandus	unknown	468	Usurper (?) In Gaul (by Eurich )
	Romanus	unknown	470	Usurper (?) In Italy (by Ricimer?)
	OLYBRIUS	Flavius Anicius Olybrius (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Anicius Olybrius Augustus	472	Emperor in the West (through Ricimer and? Geiserich), against Anthemius
	GLYCERIUS	Emperor (Caesar) Glycerius felix pius Augustus	473-474	Emperor in the West (through Gundobad )
	LEO II.	Flavius Leo Iunior nobilissimus Caesar Imperator (Caesar Flavius) Leo Iunior perpetuus Augustus	474	Emperor in the east, co-emperor since 473 , Caesar since 472
	IULIUS NEPOS	(Flavius) Iulius Nepos (Imperator Caesar Flavius) Iulius Nepos perpetuus pius felix Augustus	474-480	Emperor in the West, Caesar (?) 474 (against Glycerius), exile from 475 in Dalmatia; recognized Eurich as regent in southern Gaul and Hispania
	ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS	(Emperor Caesar) Romulus A (u) gustus pius felix Augustus	475- 476	Counter-emperor in the west (by Orestes ), deposed by Odoacer
	ZENO	Tarasis Flavius Zeno Imperator Caesar Flavius Zeno pius (felix / felicissimus) victor ac (perpetuus) triumfator maximus semper Augustus	474-491	Emperor in the East, 474 co-emperor of Leo II and regent, exile 475–476 in Cilicia, sole ruler from 480; Caesar: Leo (476–477 / 78)
	BASILISCUS	Flavius Basiliscus Imperator Caesar Basiliscus pius (felix) victor ac (perpetuus) triumfator maximus semper Augustus	475-476	Emperor in the east, against Zeno
	Marcus	Marcus nobilissimus Caesar (Imperator Caesar) Marcus perpetuus Augustus	475-476	Co-emperor of Basiliscus, Caesar 475
	Hunerich	Huniricus rex Vandalorum et Alanorum	477-484	claimed emperor-like position in Africa
	Markian	Flavius Marcianus	479-480	Usurper in Constantinople and Galatia (484 in Cilicia by Illus ?)
	Justasas	unknown	484?	Against the king in Palestine
	LEONTIUS	(Emperor Caesar) Leontius perpetuus Augustus	484-488	Counter-Emperor in Cilicia and Syria (through Illus and Verina )
	Masties	unknown	484-494?	Usurper (?) In Numidia (against Hunerich and Gunthamund ); Successor (?): Masuna (508-535 ?, Mauritania)
	Odoacer	Flavius Odovacer praecellentissimus rex	490- 493	Usurper in Italy (ruler since 476/480); Caesar: Thela
	ANASTASIUS I.	Flavius Anastasius Imperator Caesar Flavius Anastasius pontifex inclitus, Germanicus inclitus Alamannicus inclitus Francicus inclitus Sarmaticus inclitus, tribunici imperii XXVIII, consul III pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus pater patriae, (proconsulus pater patriae),	491-518	by Ariadne ; recognized Clovis and Sigismund as regents in Gaul
	Longinus	Flavius Longinus	491-492	Usurper in Constantinople; Successor: Longinus , Athenodorus (both up to 497, Isauria)
	Theodoric	Flavius ( Amalus ) Theodericus Flavius rex Theodericus pius princ (eps) i (nvictus / inclitus?) S (emper?) Victor gentium	493 -526	Regent in the west (usurper until 497/98), 515–522 / 23 with Eutharic ; Successor: Athalaric (until 534; regent: Amalasuntha )
	Burdunellus	unknown	496-497	Usurper in Hispania (against Alaric II ); Successor: Peter (506)
	Vitalian	Flavius Vitalianus	513-515	Usurper (?) In Thrace and Moesia; Predecessor: Areobindus (512, Constantinople)
Justinian Dynasty
	JUSTIN I.	(Flavius) Iustinus Imperator Caesar (Flavius) Iustinus (Germanicus Alamannicus Francicus Sarmaticus) pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus	518-527	eliminated Theocritus
	JUSTINIAN I.	Petrus Sabbatius Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus (nobilissimus Caesar) Imperator Caesar Flavius Iustinianus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus	527-565	Co-emperor 527 , Caesar since 525, with Theodora (until 548) and Germanus (550); deposed Gelimer and Witichis as regents in Africa and Italy, respectively
	Julian	Iulianus (Sabarides?)	529	Against the king in Palestine
	Hypatius	Flavius Hypatius	532	Counter-Emperor in Constantinople, with Pompey
	Theudebert	Theodebertus (victor) rex magnus Francorum	533-547 / 48	claimed emperor-like position in Gaul
	Theodahad	(Flavius) Theodahatus rex	535 -536	claimed emperor-like position in Italy
	Stotzas	unknown	536-545	Usurper in Africa; Successor: Guntarith (until 546, with Johannes )
	John	Ioannes Cottistis	537	Usurper in Mesopotamia
	Totila	Baduila rex	541 / 42- 552	Usurper in Italy; Predecessor: Hildebad (540–541, after resignation by Belisarius ), Erarich (541); Successor: Teja ( 552 )
	JUSTIN II.	Flavius Iustinus Imperator Caesar Flavius Iustinus (Iunior) fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus benefactor / -ficus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus	565-578	eliminated Justin ; Regent: Sophia (from 573)
	Leovigild	(Flavius) Leovigildus inclitus pius (felix) rex victor	572 / 73-586	claimed emperor-like position in Hispania
	TIBERIOS I. (II.)	Flavius Tiberius novus Constantinus felicissimus Caesar Imperator Caesar Flavius Tiberius novus Constantinus fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus benefactor pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Afric (an) us pius felix inclitus victor ac trium Augustium	578-582	Co- emperor 578 , Caesar and co-regent since 574; Caesar: Germanus (582, usurper 602–603 and 605/607?)
	MAURIKIOS	Flavius novus Tiberius Mauricius felicissimus Caesar Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus Imperator Caesar Flavius Mauricius novus Tiberius fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicicus ( incl Augustus	582-602	582 Caesar and co-emperor
	Abaskiron	unknown	583-588?	Usurper (?) In Egypt
	Authari	Flavius rex Autharius	584-590	claimed emperor-like position in northern Italy
	Theodosius (III.)	(Imperator Caesar Flavius) Theodosius perpetuus Augustus	590-602 603 (-611)	Co-emperor of Maurikios (with Tiberios ?), Caesar since 587 (?) Counter-emperor in Mesopotamia (through Chosrau II and Narses )
	PHOCAS	(Flavius) Focas Imperator Caesar Flavius Focas (fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus Erulicus Gepidicus ) pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus	602-610	against Maurikios, with Domentiolus (from 603/04) and Priscus (606/07), not a member of the dynasty
Heraclean dynasty (continued see list of Byzantine emperors )
	HERACLEIOS	Flavius Heraclius Imperator Caesar Flavius Heraclius fidelis in Christo mansuetus maximus beneficus pacificus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus Erulicus Gepidicus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumfator semper Augustus	610-641	against Phocas (by Herakleios senior , usurper in Africa since 608), from 638 with Heraklonas ( Caesar since 632); Caesares: Constantine (617–631?), David (from 638), Martinos (from 639)
	Comentiolus	unknown	610-611	Usurper (?) In Galatia
	Constantine III	Emperor Caesar Flavius Heraclius novus Constantinus fidelis in Christ (perpetuus) Augustus	613-641	Co-emperor of Herakleios ( 641 sole ruler; Caesar: Konstans II. )
	John	Ioannes Compsinus	616-617	Usurper (?) In southern Italy
	Eleutherius	unknown	619-620	Counter-Emperor in Italy
	Vahan	unknown	636	Usurper (?) In Palestine
	Athalaric	Ioannes Athalaricus	637?	Usurper in Constantinople
portrait	Surname	Full name and title	Reign	Remarks

Successor states

From the 630s onwards the Arab Caliphate began to expand rapidly , limiting the (Eastern) Roman Empire to a rump part within a few decades. After that, it essentially only comprised part of the Greek-influenced cultural area of the old Roman Empire. This period at the end of antiquity marks the transition in historical science between the (Eastern) Roman and the Byzantine Empire, which existed until 1204 and again from 1261–1453.

Since the early Middle Ages, other rulers have claimed the title of Roman emperor, for example:

Frankish-German rulers in the years 800–924 and 962–1806 after the imperial coronations of Charlemagne and Otto I ,

Bulgarian rulers in the years 913-1018 and 1186-1396 after the imperial coronations of Simeon the Great and Peter IV ,

Greek and Latin rulers: Nicaea Empire (1204–1261), Latin Empire (1204–1383, from 1261 as titular emperor ), Trapezunt Empire (1204–1461 ), Thessaloniki Empire (1227–1242),

Serbian rulers in the years 1346-1371 after Stefan Dušan's coronation and

other rulers since the 15th century.

References to the relevant lists of emperors can be found below or under the Lemma Kaiser .

literature

Manfred Clauss (ed.): The Roman emperors. 55 historical portraits from Caesar to Justinian. 2nd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-47288-5 .
Marieluise Deißmann : data on ancient chronology and history. Reclam, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-15-008628-0 .
Dietmar Kienast , Werner Eck , Matthäus Heil : Roman imperial table. Basic features of a Roman imperial chronology. 6th, revised edition. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2017, ISBN 978-3-534-26724-8 .
Klaus-Jürgen Matz : Who ruled when? Regent tables for world history. 6th edition. dtv, Munich 2002, pp. 38–41, ISBN 3-423-32523-2 .
Gerhard Rösch : Onoma Basileias. Studies on the official use of the imperial titles in late antique and early Byzantine times (= Byzantina Vindobonensia. Vol. 10). Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1978, ISBN 3-7001-0260-7 .

Web links

Commons : List of Roman Emperors - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

One of professionals created online encyclopedia of Roman Emperors (English)
Imperial table with detailed rulership data (Italian)

This page was added to the selection of informative lists and portals on June 22nd, 2006 in this version .