deodorant

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Various deodorants: spray, pump spray, roller, stick, crystal, wipes and deodorant cream

A deodorant (also deodorant , Latin .: Entriecher ), also called deodorant for short , is a body care product that is mainly applied to the armpits to combat unpleasant body odor . The technical term for this is deodorization .

The most important strategies for controlling body odor are:

Other mechanisms, such as the absorption of odors, inhibition of enzymes (involved in odor formation) and control of the oxidation processes by antioxidants , are of secondary importance.

history

Advert for deodorant in the USA in 1889

Early reports of the use of precursors to deodorant date back to ancient Egypt, where scented baths, body hair removal and rubbing with scented oils were also practiced. Even the Egyptians used Tschermigit as a deodorant (Pierre d'Alun). This alum slate , which the Chinese already knew in impure form, contained bitumen and was not only used to improve body odor. It is also said to have been used to treat internal inflammation, to stop bleeding when shaving and to improve drinking water.

Perfume oils were also used in antiquity to mask body odor. In the modern era , two fundamental advances were made towards the development of today's deodorant: While the art of perfume production was further improved in Grasse , Purkyně discovered the sweat glands and their function in Wroclaw in 1833 . It was recognized that the secretions secreted by the sweat glands and the warm, humid climate in the armpits represent an ideal breeding ground for bacteria. Henceforth the focus was on a combination of moisture inhibitors and bactericides .

In the 19th century, was first Ammoniaktinktur used, which however caused skin irritation. The inventor of the zinc ointment- based deodorant Mum, launched in 1888, is unknown, as it was first marketed by his nanny and, from 1931, by the Bristol Myers company , and the man from Philadelphia remained anonymous. Helen Barnett Diserens, the inventor of the roll-on deodorant at Mum, was inspired by the newly invented ballpoint pen in the late 1940s . Some time before that, ammonia tincture had already been replaced by aluminum chloride , some of which is still used today. The invention of the deodorant spray (filling in spray cans ) in 1965 initially pushed the deodorant roller off the market. When the deodorant sprays fell into disrepute due to the propellant gas used in 1985, when the ozone hole was discovered , the partial return to roll-on deodorants and alum stone followed .

Deodorant ingredients

The various deodorant products are based on different preparation bases. Sprays (aerosols) usually contain alcoholic solutions, moisturizing and fixing components, fragrances and propellants ( propane , butane and isobutane ). The pump sprays contain aqueous-alcoholic solutions of deodorant ingredients and perfume as well as glycols and possibly solubilizers .

Rollers are often formulations derived from sprays which, in view of the required consistency , contain gel formers , emulsifiers and possibly care components as well as disinfecting biocides such as ethanol or organic chloride compounds or benzoic acid compounds for microbiological stability . Pens are based on gel structures formed from sodium stearate (soap) and glycols (e.g. glycerin ). In addition, fragrances and care substances are usually included.

Dosage forms

Sprays and pump sprays
Scooter
Creams

Today deodorants are available as sprays ( aerosol ), pump sprays, rollers (roll-ons), pens, soaked wipes, creams , powders or crystals .

Roll-on packs typically have hollow, matte plastic balls made of LDPE that are 10.16-35.56 mm (0.4-1.4 inches ) in diameter. If possible, the pack is stored with the ball facing up, which allows air to enter and exit without forcing out any active ingredient.

Active ingredients of deodorants

The most important active ingredients in deodorant products:

  • Odor masker (fragrances and essential oils mask body odor)
  • Antimicrobial substances (germ inhibitors control the bacteria involved in odor formation)
  • if necessary antiperspirants (sweat inhibitors control the activity of the sweat glands)
  • Odor absorber (odor-forming substances are retained)
  • Enzyme inhibitors (activity of the enzymes involved in odor formation is controlled)
  • Antioxidants (control of oxidation processes relevant for odor formation)

to form

Deodorants are produced in different preparation forms. Powder is a solid form; a liquid the spray. Semi-solid dosage forms are gels and creams.

Health risks

If you are hypersensitive to some ingredients, you may experience an allergy or rash . Those deodorants whose effects are based on antiperspirants , among other things , usually contain aluminum compounds . Possible risks of these substances are discussed controversially. Deodorants based on aluminum chlorohydrate were suspected of causing breast cancer , but this suspicion was not confirmed.

The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety of the European Commission in 2020 due to new data indicate that the use of non-spray deodorants and non-spray Transpirantien up to 6.25% aluminum content and spray deodorants and spray Transpirentien up to 10.60% are closed securely. The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment later followed this assessment.

dress

Antiperspirants that contain aluminum compounds can cause white or yellow stains on clothing.

See also

swell

  1. ↑ Birger Konz, Gerd Plewig: Advances in Dermatology A look back over 50 years on the occasion of the 80th birthday . Springer-Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-57539-6 , pp. 62 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ Hollow ball for roll-ons and roll-ons ballcenter.net, accessed August 12, 2018.
  3. ↑ Roll-On Balls euro-matic.de, accessed August 12, 2018.
  4. ↑ Roll-On Kugel-Fitment, assembled lorenzg.de, accessed August 12, 2018.
  5. ↑ Hinnerk Feldwisch-Drentrup, Jakob Simmank: Aluminum salts: The aluminum deodorant hysteria . In: The time . December 12, 2019, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed December 21, 2019]).
  6. ↑ PD Darbre: Aluminum, antiperspirants and breast cancer . In: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry . tape 99 , no. 9 , September 2005, p. 1912-1919 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jinorgbio.2005.06.001 , PMID 16045991 .
  7. ↑ Moïse Namer et al .: [The use of deodorants / antiperspirants does not constitute a risk factor for breast cancer] . In: Bulletin Du Cancer . tape 95 , no. 9 , September 2008, p. 871-880 , doi : 10.1684 / bdc.2008.0679 , PMID 18829420 .
  8. ↑ Prue J. Hardefeldt, Senarath Edirimanne, Guy D. Eslick: Deodorant Use and Breast Cancer Risk . In: Epidemiology . tape 24 , no. 1 , January 2013, p. 172 , doi : 10.1097 / EDE.0b013e3182781684 .
  9. ↑ Mohamed Farouk Allam: Breast Cancer and Deodorants / Antiperspirants: a Systematic Review . In: Central European Journal of Public Health . tape 24 , no. 3 , September 2016, p. 245-247 , doi : 10.21101 / cejph.a4475 , PMID 27755864 .
  10. ^ Opinion on the safety of aluminum in cosmetic products Submission II (SCCS / 1613/19). Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety , March 3, 2020, accessed July 16, 2020 .
  11. ↑ Julian Rodemann: Aluminum in deodorants is less harmful than thought. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . July 21, 2020, accessed July 22, 2020 .
  12. ↑ Sina Huth: How to get rid of deodorant stains. on: t-online.de.
  13. ↑ Mastering The Undershirt. AskMen.com, accessed December 5, 2014 .

literature

  • Wilfried Umbach (Ed.): Cosmetics and hygiene from head to toe. 3. Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim 2004, ISBN 3-527-30996-9 , p. 358ff.

Web links

Commons : Deodorants  - Collection of Images
Wiktionary: Deodorant  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations