Aluminum hydroxychloride

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General
Surname Aluminum hydroxychloride
other names
  • Aluminum chlorohydrate
  • OH
  • Basic aluminum chloride
  • Aluminum chloride, basic
  • Dialuminii chloridum pentahydroxidum ( Latin )
  • Aluminum oxychloride ( English )
  • ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDRATE ( INCI )
Molecular formula Mixture of substances
External identifiers / databases
CAS number
  • 12042-91-0 [Al 2 Cl (OH) 5 ]
  • 1327-41-9
  • 11097-68-0
  • 84861-98-3
PubChem 6328160
Wikidata Q138227
Drug information
ATC code

M05 BX02

properties
Molar mass Cannot be specified, as a mixture of substances
Physical state

firmly

density

1.33-1.35 g cm -3

solubility

Easily soluble in water: 500 g l −1 (20 ° C)

safety instructions
Please note the exemption from the labeling requirement for drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, food and animal feed
GHS labeling of hazardous substances

for the aqueous 20–30% solution

05 - Corrosive

danger

H and P phrases H: 290-318
P: 234-280-310-390-305 + 351 + 338
Toxicological data

13 g kg −1 ( TD Lo , rat, female, pregnant oral , continuous 7–19 days)

As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions .

Aluminum hydroxychloride is a mixture of salts consisting of aluminum (Al), chlorine (Cl) and hydroxide (OH) with the composition Al n Cl (3n − m) (OH) m , for example Al 2 Cl (OH) 5 . They are usually produced and used as a mixture of individual compounds that can practically not be isolated, for example in sweat-reducing cosmetics and body care products , as well as in wastewater treatment .

use

Sample of aluminum trichloride hexahydrate.

The hexahydrate of aluminum chloride is used because of its strong astringent effect in the textile and soap industry, where it is used, among other things, in the manufacture of antiseptic agents or deodorants . Solutions containing aluminum chloride or aluminum chlorate are offered to gargle against slight inflammation in the throat . It is available over the counter in pharmacies.

Aluminum hydroxychloride is classified as a " High Production Volume Chemical ". The substance mixture is used, among other things, in the paper and textile industry and in water treatment as a flocculant and sedimentation agent , and in the cosmetics industry as an antiperspirant .

Flocculants

Hydrous aluminum chloride forms polymeric structures known as polyaluminum chloride (PAC). It is considered an effective combined flocculant and precipitant with which a number of dissolved substances can be converted into the undissolved state and very different types of suspended matter can be removed from aqueous solutions. Polymeric aluminum chlorides since the 1970s, including in the context of the treatment of process water , drinking water , waste water and swimming pool water used as a flocculant and precipitant. In Europe, due to technical and economic characteristics, PAC replaced the aluminum sulphate that was common at the time in the field of drinking water treatment . Outside of Europe, on the other hand, the prevalence is low.

Antiperspirant (sweat inhibitor)

Aluminum hydroxychloride can be used in certain concentrations by topical application against excessive sweating and is therefore also used as an active ingredient in many deodorants and antiperspirants . Aluminum chloride is corrosive, but experience reports have shown that the correct dosage can only cause slight irritation to the skin. To alleviate this, most antiperspirants contain glycerine or plant extracts.

Effect and dangers

When applied to the skin, aluminum chloride hexahydrate narrows the pores by removing water and partially denaturing proteins in the skin cells, thus reducing perspiration . As a side effect, aluminum hydroxychloride can cause skin irritation, inflammation of the glands and granulomas . The formation of eczema ("deodorant eczema") and the development of a permanent allergic reaction are possible. Long-term observations have shown slight signs of skin irritation as the effects of aluminum hydroxychloride in deodorants .

toxicology

In 2014, aluminum hydroxychloride was included in the EU's ongoing action plan ( CoRAP ) in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) as part of substance evaluation . The effects of the substance on human health and the environment are re-evaluated and, if necessary, follow-up measures are initiated. The reasons for the uptake of aluminum hydroxychloride were concerns regarding high (aggregated) tonnage and the dangers arising from a possible assignment to the group of CMR substances. The re-evaluation has been running since 2015 and is carried out by France . In order to be able to reach a final assessment, further information was requested.

Neurotoxicity

Aluminum chloride damages the nervous system. In high doses, aluminum hydroxychloride affects the blood-brain barrier , can damage the DNA and has negative epigenetic effects. High doses of aluminum hydroxychloride have adverse effects on a number of species such as primates , mice , rabbits , and dogs .

In February 2014, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) published a statement from which it emerges that the human skin absorbs much more aluminum hydroxychloride than the EU guidelines allow, especially through antiperspirants.

Studies on breast cancer risk from aluminum hydroxychloride

Aluminum salts such as aluminum chloride , complexes of aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrate ("Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohydrex Gly") and aluminum hydroxychloride in deodorants as an antiperspirant have been suspected of causing breast cancer . On the one hand, there is an accumulation in the upper, outer quadrant of the chest , which is therefore close to the place where deodorants are applied. However, there is more epithelial tissue there too , a preferred site for cancer. In addition, increased levels of aluminum were found in breast cancer tissue samples from women. However, the connection with the development of breast tumors was unclear and the uptake into the cells unclear. A meta-study from 2008 that summarized previous research on this topic concluded that there was no scientific evidence to support this theory. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment BfR and the cancer information service KID (public organ of the German Cancer Research Center DKFZ ) as well as international breast cancer associations officially gave the all-clear in 2010. In addition, conversely, aluminum, like other metals ( iron , nickel , chromium and lead ), could accumulate in the tissue as a result of cancer and thus contribute nothing to the development of cancer.

In 2012, the Austrian Cancer Aid Wolfram Parzefall (formerly Univ. Prof. for Toxicology at the Institute for Cancer Research at the Medical University of Vienna ) asked to assess the carcinogenic (carcinogenic) risk of aluminum chloride (hexahydrate) as a component of deodorants, as a previous publication (Sappino et al. 2012) suggested a possible connection to female breast cancer under laboratory conditions. This laboratory study with human breast cell cultures indicated a cell-damaging effect of aluminum chloride. The cells exhibited abnormal behavior comparable to the first phase of a tumor-like change. The aluminum chlorides used in the study were injected directly into the cell culture. The natural barrier of the human skin was not taken into account.

Parzefall's assessment mentions that the American Cancer Society has published a more cautious assessment, which points to the alteration of estrogen receptors by aluminum compounds. These can be absorbed through the skin and lead to changes in the estrogen receptors of breast cells. Because estrogen can cause both cancerous breast cells and non-cancerous breast cells to grow, some scientists have suggested that the use of aluminum-based compounds in antiperspirants could be a risk factor for developing breast cancer . However, since no clear link to breast cancer has been established, the researchers will continue to monitor aluminum hydroxychloride as a possible breast cancer risk factor. Further studies are required for clearer statements. Overall, according to the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), it can be said that, due to the different results, there is a need for further research in order to better understand the absorption of aluminum hydroxychloride after dermal application and to clarify a possible role of aluminum hydroxychloride in breast cell changes. In terms of preventive health protection, such cosmetic products should not be introduced into the freshly shaved armpit.

In a reassessment from 2014, the BfR described the study situation as inconsistent. Antiperspirants containing aluminum contribute to the absorption of aluminum into the human organism. It is likely that part of the population already achieves the tolerable weekly intake of 1 mg aluminum per kilogram of body weight through food and other products containing aluminum. The BfR therefore recommends avoiding deodorants containing aluminum in order not to exceed the maximum tolerable limit. A causal connection between the increased intake of aluminum hydroxychloride through antiperspirants and Alzheimer's disease or breast cancer has not yet been scientifically proven due to the inconsistent data situation, despite a number of corresponding studies. In 2019 the BfR confirmed that “it cannot be proven that aluminum is causally responsible for the development of cancer”. In addition, the BfR confirmed that according to the current state of research, aluminum is neither genotoxic nor carcinogenic.

Recent research suggests possible dangers for being exaggerated. The EU's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety has given the all-clear that aluminum-containing antiperspirants and cosmetics should be considered safe. The team of environmental medicine specialist Hans Drexler also found in a study that almost no aluminum is absorbed through deodorant containing aluminum, for at least two weeks.

See also

Individual evidence

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  3. a b Entry on aluminum hydroxychloride in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on May 6, 2016(JavaScript required) .
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