The autumn of the patriarch

The Autumn of the Patriarch ( Spanish El otoño del patriarca ) is a dictatorial novel by the Colombian Nobel Prize winner for literature Gabriel García Márquez , which the author published in 1975 after eight years of working. The German translation by Curt Meyer-Clason was published in 1978.

overview

García Marquez's novel depicts the long reign of the dictator of a fictional South American country on the Caribbean coast in a large stream of narrative and images, in which the voices of the protagonists and many of the country's residents blend in. This creates a poly-perspective mosaic of personal impressions and rumors about the regent that have become legendary, with gaps and uncertain facts about his biography and power structures, which allows room for interpretation. Each of the six chapters of the book begins with the death of the patriarch in his crumbling palace. Then the repetitive cycles of rule and the loneliness of the patriarch are looked back. Each chapter deals with a focus of his life in chronological order: the doppelganger Patricio Aragonés (Kp. 1), "Queen" Manuela Sánchez (Kp. 2), power struggles and Rodrigo de Aguilar's role (Kp. 3), death of his mother Bendición Alvarado (Kp . 4), marriage to Leticia Nazareno (chapter 5), head of the secret service José Ignacio Saenz de la Barra and the last phase of despotism (chapter 6).

action

1

Only when the vultures attack the presidential palace, "[-] the city wakes up from its lethargy of centuries" and the intimidated population, including the narrator, dares to enter the broken, abandoned building. In the midst of the "rubble pits" and the moder, they come across a corpse in the general's clothing with a hacked face. Apparently it is the patriarch and the narrator begins with the story of the president:

When he is put to power, he can neither read nor write. So he signs his edicts with the thumbprint. With the help of his officers, he ruled the country from a spacious palace, jumped on those of his numerous concubines during the siesta, and in such a short nap, fathered more than 5000 seven-month children in the course of his life. He rules with unlimited power and the fearful people carry out any of his arbitrary and often spontaneous orders without contradiction. During lunch breaks, all life freezes. The fearful people hold their breath and whisper, "the index finger on their lips without breathing, quiet, the general is screwing". But the president, who has risen from the people, is also extremely cautious. It seems to be multiplying and rumored to appear in several places at the same time. He mostly lives hidden in his palace and increasingly loses contact with reality. Rodrigo de Aguilar shields him, organizes his public appearances and orders the cheering audience, who play the love of his people to the president, "the highly commendable division general", war minister, commander of the presidential guard, director of the state security service. In the bedroom, he never forgets the security with three locking hooks, three sliding bolts and three pawls. While driving through the city, he observes people through a crack in the curtain of his carriage window. He uses his doppelganger Patricio Aragonés, a simple glassblower, for dangerous appearances in public. He has already survived six attacks, the seventh he is poisoned. The dying settles accounts with the patriarch and calls him a coward. The president has the news of his own death spread so that the people may cry for his father. But the Council of Ministers denies the death of the Führer in order to regulate the succession. Rodrigo de Aguilar wants to seize power and organizes an attack on the palace at the time of the consultation. However, when the patriarch reappears, Aguilar changes his strategy and immediately submits to him. In the meantime the news has got around in the population that the discontented are rebelling, trying to storm the palace and desecrating the corpse of Aragoné. Rodrigo de Aguilar and his presidential guard put down the uprising. There are arrests, some ministers flee abroad, the patriarch himself takes over the interrogations and after torture all the accused confess to having been bribed by conspirators. After the execution of the accused, the old and new dictators issue a general amnesty, give gifts to those who are loyal to them and announce benefits to the people. A new cycle of the rule of the great people's leader according to the old pattern begins.

2

After the faked death, the beginning of the rule is told. The last caudillos help him overthrow the general and poet Lautaro Muñoz and end the republic. At his birthday party, he lures the last six officers of the General Staff who participated in the coup and rival each other, who have enriched themselves on the furniture of the Republic, into a trap and kills them during the night. The official communiqué says they were murdered by their insane escorts. You will receive an "episcopal funeral" in the "Pantheon of Patriotic Heroes". He makes the only survivor, Colonel Saturno Santos, the bearer of the “mythical harp” his bodyguard and “only he remains safe in the shipwreck of power.” His strong companion is an Indian equipped with magical powers to transform into an armadillo .

Several times over time, gringos land on the coast and occupy the country. The patriarch comes to terms with them and benefits from the invasions. After the departure of the marines under Admiral Higginsons, he received "the decorations of a head of state" again. Then he again, shielded by General Aguilar's security service, personally like a householder, monitors the processes and security precautions in the palace and arranges everything with “maddening orders” until the times of day change: noon becomes evening. He amassed a fairytale fortune with government deals and has it recorded in the name of his mother, who, however, is convinced of her and her son's poverty until her death. Since "every trace of his origin has disappeared from the scriptures", it plays the central role in his life. He comes to her suburban mansion every afternoon, denies the rumors of his atrocities as malicious slander and reassures her when she warns him about his enemies with the assurance that the people love him. She lives very simply, paints birds in colors and sells them in the market. The former bird trader who wandered about in the highlands still sees her little fatherless boy Zacarías in the country's president, the "no-one" she gave birth to alone in the "Monastery of Charity", and the one she cared for during the civil war for the "liberal party" and injured rebels fighting “federalism”. She forgives her “poor son” for everything, including the attacks on her maids during his visits.

One day she is ousted by Manuela Sánchez, the beauty queen of the slum of "dog fights". He gets to know her when she is enthroned , often visits her instead of his mother in her parents' house and appoints her his queen. In order to store his countless fairytale gifts, he even had to confiscate neighboring houses. For her birthday he has the slum demolished and rebuilt so that she has a nice view from her window. But the aloof girl eludes his advertisements. With his "predatory hand" he lets her old admirers die of the most unlikely diseases and kidnap their girlfriends to other parts of the city in order to become the sole center of their lives. But she doesn’t want to know anything about a “nursing home love” at his side. Since she suffered the misfortune of being chosen, “the world is over” for her. While looking at a solar eclipse together, he tries to take her hand, but he reaches into nothing. Its queen has vanished and is gone.

3

The chapter tells more stories from the early days of the regime after General Lautaro Muñoz was overthrown by a British squadron under Commander Kitchener and the legislative and judicial apparatus of the old republic was dissolved. The young general is surprisingly proclaimed commander-in-chief and president of the republic. He drives through the country without a large escort, shows up in the villages unannounced, takes care of everything, repairs defective sewing machines, has a good memory and speaks to people by their names. With clairvoyant powers he recognizes coming dangers in a bad dream or in an egg with two yolks and cancels trips or postpones appointments. A fortune teller reads his future monthly from the cards. His successes promote the creation of legends among the people. You submit to him, let him win cockfights, women do not oppose his attacks. When he selects the newly wed Francisca Linero as an object of pleasure for a moment and sends her husband Poncio Daza out of the house, his guardian Saturno Santos fulfills his supposed mission and dismembered Poncio. “[T] oh there was no other solution, he said, because he would be a mortal enemy for life. […] These were images of his power that came to him from afar and stirred up his bitterness at how much the acidity of his power had been watered down. […] And yet he wondered whether so much trust and reputation transferred to a single person were not the reason for his misfortune. ”Thus his arbitrary actions increase in the continuation of his subordinates in a feedback process. Actions are carried out without his knowledge and he gets more and more caught up in a labyrinth of his power: for example, the president believes he has found an infallible method of winning the weekly lottery game. So that this happens and out of fear of his anger, those responsible manipulate the drawing. The selected little boys get the ice-cold one from a bag of the ten numbered balls. When it is feared that one of the now two thousand children will divulge the truth, they are hidden in the port fortress. Their disappearance is noticed and leads to investigations and protests. Foreign diplomats intervene. At first the army denied that there were unfounded rumors and slander from "traitors to the fatherland" and brutally suppressed a demonstration. But the public pressure increases and they finally say that the boys are fine. As a result of the unrest, the president learns of the process and orders everything to be ignored: nothing has happened at all. He has the children transported to a remote province and locked up in an Andean grotto and given medical care against the diseases that occur. Then he forgets her and dives "in the desolate swamp of the countless equal nights of his domestic insomnia." Finally he orders the children to be taken to the end of the territorial waters in a boat and to be blown up with dynamite. When three officers report to him that his order has been carried out, he promotes them and then has them shot, "because there are orders that can be given but not carried out". "Such hard experiences as this confirmed his age-old certainty that the most terrible enemy resides in ourselves." He becomes suspicious of the military and relocates the officers who seem dangerous to him to border regions, which leads to resistance. Some troops rebel. The occupation of the land by marines supports his struggle and he carries out bloody purges. He has the 1,500 men barricaded in the Grafen barracks blown up with a load of dynamite hidden in the milk delivery. After surviving an assassination attempt in his palace, he finds the mastermind behind the attacks. It is his loyal General Rodrigo de Aguilar who has developed a comparable, second “branched and fruitful system of power”. As a punishment, he has it prepared “in its full length” in the “oven browned” and served with a bouquet of parsley in its mouth and decorated with medals on a silver plate by his bodyguard. The patriarch orders the gentlemen seated in front of their plates: "Well get it Señores".

4th

From the death of the patriarch, the narrators look back at the slow death of Bendición Alvarado. This major turning point in the dictator's life is treated with the typical strategies of his power apparatus: a medical report explains the decomposition of her body and the putrefactive smell with an "Indian witchcraft". The President has her restored corpse transported in a solemn procession to the “Monastery of Charity”, his birthplace. Legends of Bendicion's miracle work spread. Her linen sheet shows the imprint of her body and gives off a natural, delicate floral scent. On the catafalque, "living, fragrant sweat escapes her pores" and she smiles. Relics are sold to pilgrims. The patriarch, "even if in reality he does not believe in anything in this world or in any other [-]", wants his mother to be canonized by the Vatican . But the responsible nuncio doubts the authenticity of the certificates. Then his nunciature is attacked by a horde of agitated people. They mistreat the ambassador, put him on a raft in the Caribbean and declare war on the Vatican. The process of canonization is then initiated by the Holy See. In order to investigate the biography of Bendicíon, Monsignor Demetrio Aldous notes down all the testimonies in the city and travels the highlands. There he found out, despite obstacles from the presidential security service, that the unsuccessful beautiful trader who wandered barefoot in rags from market to market with her naive bird painting had to prostitute herself in order to support herself and gave birth to a son in the monastery. Her original name is not known. On his way back, Demetrio Aldous was seriously injured by gunfire and was only saved, like the nuncio before, by intervention of the dictator. To do this, he has to promise him secrecy. "Demetrio Aldous had already foreseen the problem in the presidential palace, he had observed the greed in the adulation and the cunning servitude of those who fattened themselves under the protection of power". Instead of church canonization, the Patriarch appoints the "civil sanctity of the Bendición by the highest resolution of the free sovereign people [...] to be the patron saint of the nation". Then he expropriates the church property and expels priests, "bush forest missionaries" and nuns. He personally checks that they are not taking any luggage or clothes with them and sees the naked novice Nazareno Leticia. Through his secret service, he has her kidnapped from a Jamaican monastery, transported in a box to his palace and locked in his guest bedroom. After a year she got used to the regent sleeping next to her. After his education in hygiene and human etiquette, he is allowed to touch her and begin a sexual relationship with her.

5

After the patriarch's death, the “union of all against centuries of despotism” meets in the hall of the Council of Ministers in order to “evenly distribute the spoils of his power among [themselves]”. One remembers the government phase when Leticia Mercedes Maria Nazareno became his “only lawful wife” and gained influence over him: she tidied up his palace, drove the concubines, the seven-month children, the lepers and the blind from the inner courtyards, and brought them to the aged dictator persistently reads and writes and persuades him in the marriage bed to give the religious orders back their property and their legal rights and to open the churches. It orders modernizations in the penitentiary system such as the abolition of the barbaric division into quarters by means of horses and the replacement by the electric chair. She does not tolerate any memory of another woman next to her and has the stone laid on her mother's grave so that the memories of her fade among the people. She gives birth to her son Emanuel, who immediately becomes a division general with jurisdiction and, as a three-year-old, takes over the troop parades on his mother's arm. While the patriarch hardly leaves the palace, Leticia buys weekly with her son and “her junk military” at the city market on credit of the palace and insults the traders as “the most appetizing fruits and the most tender vegetables [...] because they do them touched, withered, unaware of the evil virtue of her hands, which made mold grow on the still warm bread and had turned the gold of her wedding ring black. "As Leticia of her" inexhaustible relatives ", who flocked from the rocky islands of the Antilles ," the monopolies on salt, tobacco, drinking water ”, which so far belonged to the high command,“ the greats of the army begin to rebel against the upstart, who knew how to accumulate more power than the high command, more power than the government, more power than he ” President. After a failed bomb attack on their armored vehicle, she and Emanuel are attacked and eaten by greyhounds. The patriarch already has an inkling of the disaster. The adjutant arrives with him at the moment with the unfortunate news, "because he made the terrible decision, now, the devil, end, what must be, should be quick". The commanders of the General Staff informed him that the perpetrators had been caught, that they were "agents of a subversive brotherhood based abroad" who imported sixty hunting dogs from Scotland and trained Leticia and Emanuel with the help of stolen clothing. The assassins are quartered, but the dogs stay alive - for fear that the remains of the wife and child could die again in the dog's bodies. Since he doubts that the real murderers have been found, José Ignacio Saenz de la Barra, the last free-roaming offspring of the aristocracy, offers himself as an avenger. “[E] r made him the unconditional ruler of a secret empire, within his private great empire, an invisible service apparatus of repression and extermination, which not only lacked an official identity, in whose real existence it was also difficult to believe, because no one was responsible for it Deeds. ”He is apparently leading a private campaign against the disempowerment of his class, delivering hundreds of the heads of his bitterest opponents to the palace, but the real culprits are not among them. The level of purification is increasing, but the patriarch can no longer control Saenz de la Barras' cruelty. He sits alone in his empty old palace, government decisions are made by the Council of Ministers and the military in their new buildings.

6th

In the last phase, in the autumn of the despot, the aged patriarch retreats to his palace and leaves the government to the Council of Ministers. For the people he is staged daily on television with old documentaries as a legendary figure, and he watches these programs and believes in them. Every day he receives a government gazette that has been compiled and censored just for him, "in order to keep him a prisoner of his own power in the decrepit hammock under the wool tree of the inner courtyard." His image of reality is increasingly distorted and he lives in memory images. Since Leticia's concubines have been driven out of the house, the patriarch ambushes pubescent girls from the neighboring school as a substitute and lures them into a stable with sweets. A then twelve-year-old raves for many years after that it was her most beautiful love experience: "In the end, we could no longer imagine how we would be without him, what would become of our life after him". The president, on the other hand, immediately forgets the girls. They are an anonymous group for him and he only realizes much later that the Infanta had been withdrawn from his access by the Minister of Education when the school was moved. They have been replaced by port whores, dressed up as schoolgirls, who have been hired by the health service to deceive the “pants-shitting pope”.

Despite the aging, his instinct for power has remained. In the beginning he lets Saenz de la Barra do his bit in the construction of his "invisible denunciation and bribery web" in the "interest [-] of the fatherland", "but only on the condition that [he] knows nothing about it". However, when he perfected his “most inventive barbaric torture machines” in the former Dutch madhouse more and more, without being able to present the murderers Leticias and Emanuel, and the generals want to end his increase in power by means of a military coup, the patriarch intervened, directing the discontent on his Head of the secret service and announced that the commanders in command had restored the country's freedom against a “bloodthirsty civilian” under his leadership. During the riots, Saenz de la Barra is "pounded into mush" and hung upside down on a lamp pole in the market with his genitals in his mouth. The military immediately expressed its solidarity with the president. As a substitute for the murderers of his wife and son, he banished the officer candidates from the war school to a place "where no one would ever remember them." Then he took over the chairmanship of the Council of Ministers again, distributed among pretenders that terrified the people Epidemics is the salt of health and is certain that "he would survive all the blows of adversity and the cruelest passions and the worst pitfalls of oblivion, for he was eternal." But the mobilization of the masses does not always work. Often people were instrumentalized and the military put down their uprising. So people suspect a maneuver when they are called to take to the streets against the "gringos" who want to rob the country and stay at home. Because the republic is indebted and has pledged all raw material sources and state enterprises. Now the Patriarch has to sell the Caribbean to North America and watch as it is numbered and dismantled piece by piece to "sow it in Arizona's bloody dawn". He once rejected Ambassador Wilson's demand for the foreign debts to be settled by selling the territorial waters on the grounds that he had not left his “fog highlands” out of love for the fatherland, a thirst for adventure or to pursue federalist principles: “I did that to get to know the sea. ”He now has to give up this goal, and so from the window of his empty palace he looks out onto a desert instead of the busy bay. On one of his lonely nights death calls him and he draws his sobering balance of life: “It happened when he least wished it, when after so many and so many years of fruitless self-deception he had begun to suspect that even the longest and most useful life not sufficient for more than learning to live, he had recognized his inability to love […] […] and tried to balance that vile fate with the consuming cult of the lonely vice of power ”.

His self-criticism flows seamlessly into the accusation of the people: he was deceived “to please him”, the “lie” was more convenient for him than the “doubt”, he was never “master of all his power” and condemned to “ to only get to know the other side of life ", he suffered from" reality illusion "and never got to know" the only life worth living "that" one could show ", namely that of the poor:" contaminated by death germs ", but" all love " because “we knew who we were while he had never, ever found out,” he was “deaf to the screams of the maddened crowd that ran into the streets and sang hymns of joy at the news of his death, forever deaf to the music of liberation and the bonfire and the bells of glory that proclaimed the good news to the world that the innumerable time of eternity was finally over. "

shape

Saldívar describes the structure as "alternating monologues around a corpse". This characterization applies. The mentioned changes of narrator are not easy to discern. A narrator is rarely mentioned - such as Jacinta Morales or Juan Prieto. But these remain uninteresting because they neither carry an action nor occur again. The narrator often mingles with the people; hides behind a "we". A narrator of the Manuela Sánchez episode comes from their dog fighting district. Occasionally the patriarch himself takes the floor. Caused by the long sentences, the point at which he passes the baton is difficult to identify. There are no great rules. García Márquez, for example, has three narrators, one after the other, in a single sentence. First, there is Leticia Nazareno, who is currently being mated by the patriarch, second, the "battle bison" himself, whose hair the wife clings to, and third, a foul anonymous. Saldívar calls the style "lyrical-baroque".

In no chapter should the unsavory description of the battered corpse of the patriarch be missing. Immediately afterwards, episodes from the dictator's reign are presented. The sentences, especially if they exceed the size of a printed page, overwhelm the reader. There are no quotation marks or sections. Semantically, such text structures - even over long stretches of low-action text - can only be fathomed to some extent with the reader's tense attention.

The author is adroit with the word. For example, when a señora is holding a flower, he writes: "... so that she can hold it like this, not like that ..." Márquez uses some striking word formations: "Buttocks fat lady", "the crackling humming of tinfoil paper", "the biblical flyby of the light medusa "," Heavenly garbage from cometary waste "," Shit one more thing "," Horizontal downpours "," The murmur of your bodice "," Palm nut breasts "," Shell things ", or" corrupt banners ".

reception

García's “Autumn of the Patriarch” is largely recognized by the critics as a great novel in world literature; it is probably the author's boldest, most mature and narrative complex work and the provisional end point of the literary genre of the Latin American dictatorial novel. García surpassed all of his predecessors in the long series of Caudillo novels. The novel is one of those rare books about which one immediately knows: one has never read anything like it, and one will never read it again. They are so high in their standards, so complex in their structure, that one cannot hope to ever understand them in any way fully

The fact that García does not separate the levels of the real and the fantastic, which earned him the label of “magical realism”, leads to different interpretations.

For Stahlhut the political message is in the foreground in the novel. Despite the border crossings, political reality is always present with the fictional dictator and the personal abysses of absolute power. García has always emphasized that his literary means serve to capture a Latin American reality which, in its irrationality, violence and cruelty, has something fantastic in itself. Accordingly, the American essayist and novelist Joan Didion came to the conclusion, after a long stay in El Salvador, which was marked by the civil war, in the early 1980s that Marquez was actually a “social realist”.

For Zimmer, however, the novel is an astonishingly apolitical book. Judging by the fact that Garcia Márquez is also an active publicist and socialist, “Autumn of the Patriarch” is the most apolitical of all those dictator novels. There is no materialistic analysis of rule, only intuition and no theory, there is not even any confidence that any kind of democratic opposition can put an end to the dictatorship. "The autumn of the patriarch" is not a work of pamphletistic, but of fantastic literature, the main work of Latin American "magical realism", which comes from surrealism and increases its historical and social material into mythical: so that the poor and battered subcontinent is the basic pattern of its existence can see in them.

Kesting's interpretation goes in a similar existential direction: the state ruler can also be understood as a world ruler, the patriarch is at the same time God, his eternity the eternity of God. The kingdom of freedom that the oppressed long for will only come when all rule ends, both human and divine. The voices of the poor and the oppressed unite at the end to form a “we” and happily say goodbye to the tyrant.

Adaptation

"The Autumn of the Patriarch" - opera by Giorgio Battistelli and a libretto by Gotthart Kuppel - was premiered in 2004 at the Bremen Theater. In six scenic-musical stations, the composer and director Rosamund Gilmore show the perversion of power, sadism, violence and destruction as a dance of death.

Varia

• The novel is not only a fairy tale, but also a criticism of civilization . The three caravels of Columbus appear behind the cruiser with the marine infantry on board .
• The author admitted "autobiographical traits".
• García Márquez had to defend himself against the accusation that his protagonist was portrayed a little too philanthropically.
• Quote: "You shouldn't force the birds to sing on public holidays."

literature

Text output

Used edition

• The autumn of the patriarch. Novel. Translated from the Spanish and revised by Curt Meyer-Clason . With an afterword by Hans-Otto Dill . Aufbau-Verlag Berlin 1979 (1st edition, licenser Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1978, ISBN 3462012770 ), without ISBN

Secondary literature

• Valery Semskow: Gabriel García Márquez. Translated from Russian and edited by Klaus Ziermann. Volk und Wissen Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-06-102754-8
• Dagmar Ploetz : Gabriel García Márquez. Rowohlt, Hamburg 1992, ISBN 3-499-50461-8
• Dasso Saldívar: Journey to the Origin. A biography of Gabriel García Márquez. Translated from the Spanish by Vera Gerling, Ruth Wucherpfennig, Barbara Romeiser and Merle Godde. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-462-02751-4

Remarks

1. ↑ García Márquez said that the model for his prose in "Patriarch" was the language of the poet Rubén Darío (Semskow, p. 178, 24. Zvo and Saldívar, p. 166, 7th Zvu).
2. ↑ Gringos refer to the English and North Americans (see also edition used, p. 28, 8th Zvu).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Edition used
2. ^ According to Curt Meyer-Clason, a “concentrate from a dozen real South American despots”. Gabriel García Márquez: “The Autumn of the Patriarch”. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag Munich, 1980, epilogue p. 263.
3. ↑ According to the author, role models for the patriarch were mainly Juan Vicente Gómez , but also Rafael Trujillo , the Somoza family and General Franco . Semskow, p. 162, 21. Zvu
4. ↑ with tributaries of the Amazon (p. 63), Andean grottos and Valledupar (p. 143), as applies to Colombia .
5. ↑ Not even the age of the "granite old man" giving the title, it should be somewhere between 107 and 232 years. Edition used, p. 85, 2. Zvu, p. 140, 2. Zvo
6. ↑ p. 5
7. ↑ Edition used, p. 12, 9. Zvu
8. ↑ p. 165
9. ↑ p. 133
10. ↑ p. 137
11. ↑ p. 97
12. ↑ p. 112.
13. ↑ p. 121.
14. ↑ Edition used, p. 123, 1. Zvu
15. ↑ p. 138
16. ↑ p. 152
17. ↑ p. 154
18. ↑ p. 163
19. ↑ Edition used, p. 167, 5th Zvu
20. ↑ p. 177
21. ↑ p. 181
22. ↑ Edition used, p. 192, 11. Zvu
23. ↑ p. 203
24. ↑ p. 233
25. ↑ p. 213
26. ↑ p. 222
27. ↑ p. 232
28. ↑ p. 234
29. ↑ p. 195
30. ↑ p. 260
31. ↑ p. 261 ff.
32. ↑ Saldívar, p. 388, 20. Zvo
33. ↑ Edition used, p. 87, 3rd Zvu
34. ↑ Edition used, p. 88, 2. Zvo
35. ↑ Edition used, p. 121, 10. Zvo
36. ↑ Edition used, p. 161, 8. Zvo
37. ↑ Edition used, p. 161, 7th Zvu
38. ↑ Edition used, p. 162, 1. Zvu
39. ^ Saldívar, p. 257, 11. Zvo
40. ↑ Edition used, p. 134, 3rd Zvu
41. ↑ Edition used, p. 74, 11. Zvu
42. ↑ Edition used, p. 81, 2nd Zvu
43. ↑ Edition used, p. 82, 17. Zvo
44. ↑ Edition used, p. 82, 11. Zvu
45. ↑ Edition used, p. 95, 12. Zvo
46. ↑ Edition used, p. 99, 5th Zvu
47. ↑ Edition used, p. 111, 1. Zvo
48. ↑ Edition used, p. 217, 19. Zvo
49. ↑ Edition used, p. 260, 8th Zvu
50. ↑ Hanjo Kesting: “Gabriel García Márquez. The Patriarch's Autumn ”. NDR Kultur, Jan. 4, 2016. www.nr.de
51. ↑ Dieter E. Zimmer : The expensive vice of power. Die Zeit No. 15, 1978. Zeit Online April 7, 1978. www.zeit.de
52. ↑ Marco Stahlhut: "The Autumn of Gabriel García Márquez". Welt Kultur Literatur, March 6, 2007. www.welt.de
53. ↑ Hanjo Kesting : “Gabriel García Márquez. The Patriarch's Autumn ”. NDR Kultur, Jan 4th 2016. www.nr.de
54. ^ Frieder Reininghaus: World premiere of Giorgio Battistelli's opera “Der Herbst des Patriarch” in Bremen. Deutschlandfunk June 8, 2004. www.deutschlandfunk.de
55. ↑ Edition used, p. 44, 2nd Zvu
56. ↑ Saldívar, p. 495, footnote 27
57. ↑ Ploetz, p. 90, p. 90, 7th Zvu
58. ↑ Edition used, p. 131, 6th Zvu