The judge of Zalamea

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The Judge of Zalamea is a verse drama in three acts by the Spanish writer Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600–1681), which was probably written around 1640 and was first printed in 1651. The Spanish original title is El alcalde de Zalamea .

El alcalde de Zalamea . Part of the Calderón monument in Madrid ( J. Figueras , 1878 ).

Emergence

The piece goes back to a true incident that took place in the Spanish provincial town of Zalamea from 1580–1581 during the Portuguese campaign of King Philip II . Lope de Vega turned it into a comedy that Calderón used as a template. He reduced the comedic elements and changed some characters: he made only one character out of two main men and two daughters of Crespos, and Calderón turned the reckless Isabel into an innocent Isabel. The piece was first printed in 1651 under the title El garrote más bien dado . It later appeared under the still known title. The Spanish name alcalde means a village school who is also entrusted with the office of village judge. In the 3rd act, the farmer Pedro Crespo receives this office of the Schulzen. (Only then, in verse 2100/2134, does alcalde appear, and in this capacity Crespo has to negotiate the case of his own children Juan and Isabel as well as the captain Don Álvaro.) The word Richter, which was placed in the German title of the Comedia , Spanish juez , appears for the first time in verse 2120 in the last act, spoken by Crespo, and later, spoken by Don Lope, in verse 2575 (meaning the king). In the German translations of the title, different names were used for the figure of Pedro Crespo: Amtmann (in the translation by Friedrich Ludwig Schröder 1778), Oberamtmann (1780 by Gottlieb Stephanie the Younger); In 1822 Johann Diederich used Gries Richter , as did Feodor Wehl in 1861; Ernst Friedrich Georg Otto von der Malsburg says mayor in 1823 . Since most of the translations and revisions are based on Gries' version, the most widely used title is The Judge of Zalamea . Only the oldest translation by Zachariae / Gärtner from 1771 alludes to the punishment of the kidnapper, Captain Don Álvaro, by the choke screw (garrote) with its title The punished kidnapping . All translators endeavored to provide a rhyming translation, according to the template and the time. Calderón used different means: on the one hand assonances at the end of the verse, on the other hand Spanish end rhymes. The assonances can be compared with some cases in rhymes of English nursery rhymes: pantry / plenty, work / shirt.

content

people

Philip II, King of Spain
Don Lope de Figueroa, General
Don Álvaro, captain
Pedro Crespo, rich farmer, later mayor
Juan, Crespo's son
Isabel, Crespo's daughter
Ines, whose base
Don Mendo, a squire
Nuño, his servant
sergeant
Rebolledo, soldier
Chispa, sutler
Clerk
soldiers
Country people

At the time of Philip II, a troop of soldiers took quarters in a village of the Estremadura, in Zalamea. Her captain Don Álvaro finds accommodation with the rich farmer Pedro Crespo, his son Juan and the beautiful daughter Isabel. It is summer and the election of the mayor is coming up again. The captain falls in love with the honorable Isabel, kidnaps her and assaults her. Her brother Juan pursues him and injures the captain. Crespo, meanwhile elected village mayor, takes the captain prisoner. As a village mayor ( Alcalde ), he is now forced to negotiate the case against the captain as well as against his own son, who after all has injured a military person.

Since the captain refuses a marriage of convenience with Isabel despite Crespo's requests, he is strangled with the choke screw (Garrote), without a military tribunal and therefore illegal, because this type of killing did not apply to nobles at the time, strangled just before the expected arrival of the king. In view of the seriousness of the offense, despite the procedural error, Crespo's case law is good and gives him the mayor's office for life. Juan goes to the troops, Isabel goes to the monastery.

The piece is remarkable, because it is the first time that Calderón brings all the estates of what was then Spain to the stage (1644), including the lower ones, which he describes as having the same dignity. The piece depicts the conflict between loss of honor and guilt. The personal honor of the person, legitimized by the divine order, is placed higher than the state order. From the dramaturgy point of view, the title character Crespo has a special charm, since Crespo is a victim and judge (a mayor, alcalde , is not to be equated with a judge, juez ), doer and (as Isabel and Juan's father) sufferer in one person.

expenditure

  • El garrote más bien dado , Madrid 1651
  • Obras completas , 3 vols., Madrid 1959-1967

German translations / revisions

  • Zachariae / Gärtner (1771; free transl.; So-called Braunschweiger transl.): The punished kidnapping .
  • Friedrich Ludwig Schröder (1778; translation after Zachariae / Gärtner): Amtmann Graumann or the incident on the march .
  • Gottlieb Stephanie d. Younger (1780; editing transl.): The Oberamtmann and the soldiers . 1787, Vienna.
  • Anonymous (1780; transl.): The incidents on the march or the Alcalde of Zalamea .
  • Johann Diederich Gries (1822, Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung; rhyming translation): The judge of Zalamea . 1954, Stuttgart: Reclam.
  • Ernst Friedrich Georg Otto von der Malsburg (1823; rhyming translation): The mayor of Zalamea . 1827, Vienna: Solinger.
  • Karl Immermann (1835/6; rhyming translation after Gries; arrangement for the Düsseldorfer Bühne): Der Richter von Zalamea .
  • CA Dohm (1841–44; transl.): The judge of Zalamea . Berlin: Nicolaische Buchhandlung.
  • Feodor Wehl (= F. v. Wehlen) (1861; with partial use of Gries' transl., Adaptation): The judge of Zalamea .
  • Franz Lorinser (1882; transl.): The judge of Zalamea .
  • Adolf Wilbrandt (1882/1903; translated in 5-footed iambs): The judge of Zalamea . Berlin: JG Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachf.
  • Rudolf Presber (1904; transl.): The judge of Zalamea . Berlin.
  • Otto von Taube (1915/1923; free adaptation / adaptation): The Schulze von Zalamea . Leipzig: Insel-Verlag.
  • Wolfgang von Wurzbach ( 1916/1919 ; Translated from Gries): The judge of Zalamea . Leipzig.
  • Eugen Gürster (1928): Calderón de la Barca. Selected plays. Life is a Dream. The miraculous magician. The steadfast prince. The judge of Zalamea. New seals . Munich: CH Becksche Verlagbuchhandlung.
  • Wilhelm von Scholz (1937 Breslau; free adaptation): The judge of Zalamea . 1954, Munich: Langen Müller.
  • Hans Schlegel (1946; transl.): The judge of Zalamea .
  • Karl Britten (1959; based on the translation by Adolf Wilbrandt revised translation): The judge of Zalamea .
  • Gerd Otto (1959; arrangement of the Gries transfer): The judge of Zalamea . GDR.
  • Eugen Gürster (1957; new adaptation): The judge of Zalamea . Stuttgart: Reclam-Verlag GmbH, Universal Library No. 1425. ISBN 3-15-001425-5 (rhyming; not text-identical to the 1961 edition by Desch).
  • Eugen Gürster (1961; adaptation in German and stage version): Der Richter von Zalamea . P. 495–576 in: Spanish master dramas . Vienna / Munich / Basel: Desch (this is the so-called stage version, rhyming; text not identical to the 1957 edition by Reclam).
  • Dorothee Grokenberger (†) and Nora Wiedenmann (transl. In free rhythms): El garrote más bien dado o El alcalde de Zalamea - Well deservedly executed by the choke screw or The mayor of Zalamea . 2007, in: Ibero-Romance texts in German translation, Volume 5 (edited by Wolfgang Pöckl and Johann Pögl; bilingual edition Spanish - German); Vienna: Praesens Verlag; ISBN 978-3-7069-0423-0 (†: died 2011; rights by NW).

Edits

Film adaptations

Radio plays

Four radio plays were made in Germany under the title Der Richter von Zalamea :

Dubbing

Stamp

  • Spain 2000 (from the sentence Spanish literature )

literature

  • Max Krenkel: Classical stage poems by the Spaniards. Edited and explained by Max Krenkel. III. Band . 1887, Leipzig.
  • A. Günther: Calderon's "Alcalde de Zalamea" in German literature . In: Magazine for French and English teaching . Volume 26, 1927, pp. 445-457.
  • Hans Schlegel: Old Spanish theater in scientific translations and German adaptations . In: The Schaubühne, Volume 49. 1956, Emsdetten / Westf.
  • Martin Franzbach: Pedro Calderón de la Barca. "The judge of Zalamea" . 1971, Munich: Wilhelm Fink-Verlag (literature in dialogue; 4).
  • Vera B. Bickert: Calderon's "El Alcalde de Zalamea" as a social drama . 1977, Frankfurt / M .: Lang. ISBN 3-261-02359-7 .
  • Bärbel Fritz: What happened to Don Pedro Calderón? Case studies on German-language theater adaptations by three comedias . Series of publications: Forum Modernes Theater, Volume 14. 1994, Tübingen: Günter Narr Verlag.