Friedrich Ludwig Schröder
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Friedrich Ludwig Schröder (born November 3, 1744 in Schwerin , † September 3, 1816 in Rellingen ) was a German actor , theater director and playwright . As a reformer of Freemasonry , he founded his own work of rituals, the so-called “ Schrödersche Lehrart ”, which is still practiced today by many lodges - also outside Germany.
life and work
Origin and youth
His mother Sophie Charlotte Schröder (nee Biereichel and widow of the organist Schröder zu Berlin) had married the actor Konrad Ernst Ackermann in Moscow in 1749 . With her, Schröder traveled through Kurland , Prussia and Poland and appeared several times in children's roles, then came to the Friedrichskollegium in Königsberg , but was left there by his parents in 1756 and found accommodation with a shoemaker, then with a tightrope walker.
In 1759 he went back to his parents in Switzerland , where he trained as an actor and dancer. After traveling through Switzerland and the Rhine region, he performed with the Ackermann Society in Hamburg in 1764 and initially shone as a ballet master and in comedies, but then moved on to the tragic subject and achieved high mastery in it.
Actor and theater director
Schröder got to know the Enlightenment figure Gotthold Ephraim Lessing when he moved to Hamburg for three years in 1767 to work as a dramaturge and critic for the Hamburg National Theater . However, the theater had to close in 1769 for financial reasons.
After Ackermann's death in 1771, Schröder and his mother took over the management of the Hamburg stage and made a name for himself as a dramatic writer with his comedy Der Arglistige , which was soon followed by several others, while his influence on the improvement of German theater in general by working towards the unity and vigorous cooperation of all parts for the attainment of the overall purpose and by maintaining morality and order among society. Berthold Litzmann describes Schröder's work in his first time in Hamburg:
“The two goals, towards the realization of which he worked from the first moment of his leadership, can be summed up in two words: Education of his audience from the standpoint of an uncritical crowd indulging in idleness, to the insight of poetry with a taste for higher points of view and performers judging parterres, and secondly, the moral and social elevation of his class. "
On June 26, 1773, Schröder married the actress Anna Christina Schröder , with whom he often appeared on stage together. He made particular contributions to the naturalization of Shakespeare's tragedy on the German stage, which was translated by Christoph Martin Wieland . 1780 Schröder made a great art journey through Germany, also visited Paris and followed 1781 Professor at the Vienna Court Theater, but soon returned to Hamburg, where he again ran the theater until 1798, before settling on a small farm in Rellingen withdrew to to work as a writer.
In 1811 he took over the management of the stage again. As a tragic actor he distinguished himself especially as Lear , as Philip II in Schiller's Don Carlos and Otto von Wittelsbach, but was also important in comic roles and was particularly effective through the truth and simplicity of his play.
Freemasonry reformer
Already in 1774, Schröder was on a proposal Johann Christoph Bode without ballot in Hamburg's Masonic Lodge Emanuel for May-flower initiates been added and where in 1775 he received the Master degree and the Master of the chair he was named 1787th (The timing of Schroeder's admission into the Order of nichtfreimaurerischen organization of the Illuminati is not known, but in that covenant he was given the religious name 'Roscius'.) 1792 / 93 he became a member of the Lodge 'unity and tolerance'. In 1795 the Masonic Hospital was opened in Hamburg on his initiative. In 1811 he suggested that the Great Lodge of Hamburg should establish itself as an independent grand lodge , which he then headed as Grand Master from 1814 until his death. In addition to his work in the lodge Emanuel for May-flower Schröder also founded its own Winkelloge Elise to warm the heart , which was primarily intended for actors and lasted until the 1777th He was a co-founder of the 'Engbund' and worked on the 'Bund der Deutschen Freemaurer' and later on the 'Bund der Einverstandenen'. Around the beginning of 1800 he finally became the decisive reformer of Masonic ritualism in collaboration with the former Illuminati - the Illuminati Order could only continue its work under Bode until around 1793 - Johann Gottfried Herder , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Carl Leonhard Reinhold .
In the second half of the 18th century, the so-called “ Strict Observance ”, a complex system of hierarchical gradations in European Freemasonry, based on the English type of teaching with a high degree system , was established. At the beginning of the 1780s, a counter-movement began to revert to the old ritual of the three degrees (apprentice - journeyman - master). In this reform process, Georg Heinrich Sieveking also called for the abolition of “hieroglyphs and symbols” and called these and the customs a farce . Schröder responded with his speech on “Morality and courtesy as the primary material of friendship as well as our pictorial signs and secrets” in his Emanuel zur Maienblume box . In it he equated this requirement with the dissolution of Freemasonry and showed its relevance for the big brother chain. This led to speeches between the two of them and ultimately resulted in Sieveking resigning from his post as master of the chair of the Hamburg lodge “St. Georg zur verdenden Fichte ”(founded in 1743) and gave up his previous involvement in Freemasonry.
However, since the old English original texts had been lost, the rituals were reconstructed. Schröder deserves special credit here. As a historical autodidact , he collected materials on the history of Freemasonry from its creation until 1723 , which he published in 1815. On the basis of these studies, he created German rituals for the three degrees, which are still in use today as Schröder's teaching method and are characterized by their simple clarity and ritual dynamics, as well as a commitment to the "idea of republicanism ". The Masonic researcher Ignaz Aurelius Feßler in Berlin (an Illuminati membership of his is controversial) worked on a similar reform, but finally went his own way.
His grave is in the Ohlsdorf cemetery .
His illegitimate son Carl Friedrich Heiberg , whom he had had with his foster daughter Anna Maria von Schwarzenfeld (around 1771–1846), was a lawyer, politician and book and music dealer, his son Hermann Heiberg a writer.
Works (selection)
- The cousin in Lisbon (1784)
- Theater Laws (1787)
- Materials on the history of Freemasonry from its inception to 1723 (1815)
- Translations
- Charlotte Lennox : What should be, is well suited. Translated by Friedrich Ludwig Schröder. Herold, Hamburg 1782.
- Carlo Goldoni : The servant of two masters. Comedy. After the German version by Friedrich Ludwig Schröder revisited and with an afterword by Otto CA zur Nedden . Reclam, Stuttgart 1977.
literature
- Work editions
- Friedrich Ludwig Schröder's dramatic works , ed. by Eduard von Bülow, with an introduction by Ludwig Tieck, 4 volumes, Berlin 1831
- Anton Franz Riccoboni's and Friedrich Ludwig Schröder's regulations on the art of acting: a practical guide for actors and declamators , Leipzig 1821
- swell
- Impartial examination of the discrepancies between Mr. Schröder and Mr. Reinhard and Consorten: From a Hamburg citizen , Hamburg 1797
- To Friedrich Ludwig Schröder the sleeper, owner of the German theater in Hamburg, former director of the same: Wake up - who you sleep , [o. O.] 1801
- Letter editions
- Herbert Schneider (Ed.): The Masonic Correspondence: Friedrich Ludwig Schröder, Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm Meyer; 1802-1816 , Hamburg 1979, ISBN 3-87050-149-9
- Berthold Litzmann (ed.): Schröder and Gotter: an episode from German theater history; Letters from Friedrich Ludwig Schröder to Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter 1777 and 1778 , Hamburg [a. a.] 1887
- Representations
- Bernhard Jahn, Alexander Košenina (ed.): Friedrich Ludwig Schröders Hamburgische Dramaturgie (publications on the journal for German studies, vol. 31), Bern 2017, ISBN 978-3-0343-2759-6 pb., ISSN 1660-0088 pb.
- Ulrike Krone-Balcke: Schröder, Friedrich Ulrich Ludwig. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-11204-3 , pp. 555 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Hans-Werner Engels: Schröder, Friedrich Ulrich Ludwig . In: Franklin Kopitzsch, Dirk Brietzke (Hrsg.): Hamburgische Biographie . tape 1 . Christians, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-7672-1364-8 , pp. 279-280 .
- Christian Hannen: "You showed us the truth of art": the studbook of the Hamburg drama director Friedrich Ludwig Schröder; annotated edition and investigations , Hamburg 1997
- Hermann Schüttler, members of the Order of Illuminati 1776–1787 / 93 , Munich 1991, ISBN 3-89391-018-2
- Wilhelm Hintze: Friedrich Ludwig Schröder: the actor - the Freemason , Hamburg 1974
- Hugo Wernekke: Friedrich Ludwig Schröder as an artist and freemason , Berlin 1916
- Schröder (Friedr. Ludw.) . In: C. Lenning (Ed.): General handbook of Freemasonry . 2nd completely revised edition. tape 3 . FA Brockhaus , Leipzig 1867, p. 200 ff. (scan page 208) ( digitized BSB Munich).
- Ludwig Brunier : Friedrich Ludwig Schröder: an artist and life picture , Leipzig 1864
- Ludwig Wollrabe : Chronology of all Hamburg theaters . In addition to information on most of the actors, singers, dancers and musicians who were engaged and made guest appearances at the same from 1230 to 1846. Verlag BS Berendsohn, Hamburg 1847 ( Internet Archive ).
- Friedrich Ludwig Schmidt : The last days of Schröder's life . In: Dramaturgical Aphorisms . tape 2 . Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1828, p. 168 ff. (scan page 180) ( digitized BSB Munich).
- Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm Meyer : Friedrich Ludwig Schröder: Contribution to the customer of the people and the artist , 2 volumes, Hamburg 1819; ( Volume 1 , Volume 2 ) Digitized
- Friedrich Wilhelm Basilius von Ramdohr : Schroeder's Acting Society and Schroeder himself , in studies on the knowledge of beautiful nature, the fine arts, customs and the state constitution: on a trip to Denmark ; Vol. 1., Hannover, 1792, pp. 5–10, ( BSB digitized version )
Web links
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- Literature by and about Friedrich Ludwig Schröder in the catalog of the German National Library
- Works by and about Friedrich Ludwig Schröder in the German Digital Library
- Works by Friedrich Ludwig Schröder at Zeno.org .
- detailed biography at Masonic Lodge
- Lodge Emanuel zum Maienblume
- FL Schröder at Freemason Wiki
- (no details): History of an Orpernhaus for Hamburg. In: Hamburg Ballet John Neumeier. Retrieved September 21, 2016 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Friedrich Ludwig Schmidt : Almanacs for the theater . 1809. Gottfried Vollmer , Hamburg 1809 ( digitized ULB Münster ).
- ^ Berthold Litzmann: Schröder and Gotter. An episode from German theater history. Voss, Hamburg and Leipzig 1887, p. 12
- ^ Brita Reimers: Schröder, Anna Christina . In: Franklin Kopitzsch, Dirk Brietzke (Hrsg.): Hamburgische Biographie . tape 1 . Christians, Hamburg 2001, ISBN 3-7672-1364-8 , pp. 278-279 .
- ↑ from 1791 living on the Kalkhof, on the Alster , from 1795 Opernhof and 1811/1812 ABC-Straße 143 , see Hamburg address books 1792 , 1796 and 1812
- ^ Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm Meyer : Friedrich Ludwig Schröder: Contribution to the customer of the people and the artist. Volume 2, Hamburg 1819, p. 1.
- ↑ Ulrike Krone-Balcke: "Schröder, Friedrich Ludwig" in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 23 (2007), pp. 555–556
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Schröder, Friedrich Ludwig |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German actor, theater director, playwright and freemason |
| DATE OF BIRTH | November 3, 1744 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Schwerin |
| DATE OF DEATH | September 3, 1816 |
| Place of death | Rellingen |