German order coming Mülheim

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The German Order Coming Mülheim in Sichtigvor (today the city of Warstein ) was founded between 1266 and 1268. It existed until secularization in 1809 and fell first to Hessen-Darmstadt and in 1816 to the Prussian state . Later the buildings were used by different orders for different purposes.

Teutonic Order Castle in Mülheim in 2009

history

Retirement building of the Order Castle built by Michael Spanner
Chapel in the Sisters' Cemetery of the Order Castle

Time of origin

In the years 1266/68 a knight of Mulnheim bequeathed his property to the Teutonic Order . Since the main courtyard was subordinate to the Counts of Arnsberg as a fief, the order had to cede this to a replacement courtyard.

Acquiring the patronage rights of the existing parish church of St. Margaretha was more difficult . The rights were held by the Patroklistift in Soest and Herdecke Abbey also registered its claims after the death of the last Herr von Mülheim. The Herdecke Abbey gave the patronage of the church in Allagen to the Patroklistift in 1275 and received patronage in Mülheim in return. However, this was transferred to the German order in the same year for reasons unknown. However, the pastor's investiture rights and synodal rights remained with the patroclist monastery. The priests of the order also took on pastoral care in the parish. The name of the church was partly used for the coming. With the transition of the church, the not inconsiderable church property also fell to the order. Since the church had no property of its own even after the order was abolished, the state is still responsible for maintenance today. The church still serves as a parish church today.

The German order initially only set up a branch in Mülheim, which was elevated to a convent in 1290 . The convent originally consisted - analogous to the number of disciples - of twelve knight brothers under one commander .

Crisis in the late Middle Ages

In the following years the order managed to expand its initially modest possessions considerably. However, the funds were insufficient to maintain the Convention. It ceased to exist in its original form at the beginning of the 14th century.

In the period that followed, the Kommende retained a certain importance as a training center for new knights. Many knights trained in Mülheim were sent to Livonia , took part in the armed conflicts there and settled there.

The Coming was increasingly affected by the conflicts within the region. The branch was badly damaged by the Soest feud in the middle of the 15th century.

Ascent to the seat of the Provincial Commander for Westphalia

Aerial photo of the entire facility (status 2014)

Since 1544 Mülheim has been a seat of the state commander of the Westphalia Ballei alongside the Kommende Münster . During the Truchsessian War of the 1580s, the facility was plundered several times by the troops of the Archbishop of Cologne, Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg , who had converted to Protestantism . The role of Commander Neveling von der Recke was contradictory . On the one hand, he lived in Rüthen with a concubine and six children. On the other hand, he was one of the leading forces in the aristocratic opposition in the Duchy of Westphalia against the attempted Reformation by Truchsess von Waldburg.

After a short recovery period, the Thirty Years War brought new destruction. The Landkomtur temporarily moved to Münster for security reasons. Since then there has been no actual convention in Mülheim. Only the provincial commander resided here. The land commander Rab Luther Schilder († 1650) also lived with a lover. He granted their children the right to use the lands belonging to the commandery.

Details of the garden front
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Overall, the war had plunged the Order in Westphalia into a deep and financial crisis. The Landkomtur August Oswald von Lichtenstein tried to counter this with administrative reforms. In 1656, the Kommenden Mülheim and Münster were organizationally united. Since then, Mülheim has become the permanent seat of the Landkomturs for the Westphalia district. Von Lichtenstein also tried to improve the economic basis of the coming. For this purpose the village of Sichtigvor was created , in which subjects of the order were settled. In 1688 the Coming was free of debt.

Lichtenstein's successors, Franz Wilhelm von Fürstenberg and Wilhelm von Plettenberg , also continued the upswing. In the second half of the 17th and at the beginning of the 18th century, the coming ones experienced a new blooming phase, which was reflected in the brisk construction activity. The upswing came to an end under Commander Georg Levin von Nagel . The following committees did not make any structural changes worth mentioning, instead they used a large part of the income for their small but very expensive court.

Burdens arose in particular from contributions during the Seven Years' War . The coming party finally owed over 21,000 talers. Since the income no longer covered maintenance, the Kommende Osnabrück was added to Mülheim in 1777 to increase income. The Kommende Brackel has also been administered by Mülheim since the 1790s.

The last Komtur Franz Wenzel von Kaunitz-Rietberg no longer resided in Mülheim, but in Vienna. Since 1803 the Kommende Mülheim belonged to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt . Various rights were thereby lost. In 1808 the Landkomtur was in Mülheim for the last time. On July 24, 1809, Napoleon repealed the Teutonic Order. A short time later, the Kommende Mülheim and its possessions were taken over by the state of Hessen-Darmstadt.

Possessions

Landkomtur Augustin Oswald von Lichtenstein

A property register from 1724 shows, in addition to the numerous buildings, 500 acres of arable and pasture land and approximately the same size of forest. In addition, there were 800 acres of free aristocratic property on individual farms and 8,000 acres in villages and taxable cottages. The Seven Years War ended this upward trend with high contributions. The same is true of the coalition wars in the wake of the French Revolution .

Further development

In 1809, when the order was abolished, the coming of the German Order in Mülheim also ended. The possessions fell to the state, initially to Hessen-Darmstadt and after 1816 to Prussia . The coming served as the court and administrative seat for the Belecke district . There were also apartments for the officers. In 1840 the property was sold by the Prussian state to some aristocratic landowners.

The future building was sold to the Order of the Salesian Sisters on March 19, 1860 . They maintained a boarding school for girls there until the time of the Kulturkampf . In 1885 it was taken over by the Olper Franciscan Sisters , who set up a housekeeping school there, after the Second World War a children's home for repatriate children and at times the community kindergarten . They ran a children's rest home there until 1994. In the aftermath, the Beatitudes community possessed and inhabited the coming. In July 2009 the complex was sold to an investor. In 2011 the first attempt to auction the complex failed. The ownership structure is now disputed. If you neglect it, the damage to the building fabric will increase.

In spring 2015, the Order Castle is one of the main locations for the film adaptation of the novel Nebel im August , which describes the life of the Yenish Ernst Lossa .

buildings

Rectory from 1749

After a fire in 1593, the main building was rebuilt. At the beginning of the 17th century, the land commander Rab Dietrich Overlacker had a wall ring built around the area of ​​the Coming. Around 1688, at the instigation of the Landkomtur Franz Wilhelm von Fürstenberg, the construction of a new Komtur building began. Ambrosius von Oelde is considered an architect . In the further course of the 18th century the commander's building was extended, various outbuildings, a rentier (1734) and a rectory (1749) were built.

Under Commander Wilhelm von Plettenberg- Lenhausen, work began on building a new church in 1707. The St. Margaretha Church is a three-bay, single-nave hall with a tower built into the west. The style is described as Gothicizing Baroque . The building of the commandery and the church together form a high-lying, quite extensive building complex. The main building is three-story with a central projectile, corner towers on the sides and a representative flight of stairs.

There is a house chapel inside the main building. The large chapel visible today is said to be on the site of the former refectory. After the secularization, the chapel was profaned, but later consecrated again. In 1909 the Franciscan Sisters enlarged the room. The historical windows were inserted into the new outer wall. However, the overall baroque character of the complex was disrupted by the resulting porch. The interior of the chapel was renovated in the 1950s.

Commander

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The monastery goes under the hammer at the Hilton West, August 23, 2011
  2. ↑ Helmut Frölich: The former commander Mülheim. The progressive decline of a palace from the Westphalian early baroque period. In: Sauerland 1/2015 pp. 19–22
  3. ↑ Mülheim Monastery is a stroke of luck Der Westen, May 9, 2015

literature

  • Kunibert Bering: The orders of knights in Westphalia. In: Géza Jászai (Ed.): Monastic Westphalia. Monasteries and monasteries 800–1800. Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Münster 1982, ISBN 3-88789-054-X , pp. 89–110 (exhibition catalog, Münster, Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, September 26, 1982 - November 21, 1982).
  • Heiko KL Schulze: Monasteries and monasteries in Westphalia - history, building history and description, a documentation . In: Géza Jászai (Ed.): Monastic Westphalia. Monasteries and monasteries 800–1800. Westphalian State Museum for Art and Cultural History, Münster 1982, ISBN 3-88789-054-X , p. 388 f. (Exhibition catalog, Münster, Westphalian State Museum for Art and Cultural History, September 26, 1982 - November 21, 1982).

Web links

Commons : Deutschordensschloss Mülheim / Möhne  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 51 ° 29 ′ 24.8 "  N , 8 ° 16 ′ 44.8"  E