Dieburg in the time of National Socialism
In contrast to its neighboring towns, Groß-Umstadt and Babenhausen , in which the NSDAP won over 60 percent in the Reichstag elections in 1933, Dieburg was not essentially a National Socialist town. Due to the strong connection to the diocese of Mainz , historically to Kurmainz , the district town experienced a Catholic character. The majority of voters in Dieburg voted for the Center Party with 41 percent in the 1933 Reichstag election , but the National Socialists also took power in Dieburg, as in the entire German Reich , in 1933.
politics
Pre-war period
In Dieburg, the National Socialists hardly played a role until January 30, 1933, when Adolf Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor by Reich President Paul von Hindenburg . The only public appearance of the National Socialists until then took place in a bar called “Zur Traube” in Zuckerstrasse, which quickly became popularly known as the “brown house” . Today there is a drugstore at this location.
They did not run in the last municipal election on November 17, 1929. The Center Party had 9 out of 18 seats, 4 for the SPD, 2 for the German Democratic Party , 2 for the Civil Association and 1 for the KPD . The KPD gained a seat on the municipal council for the first time due to the high unemployment caused by the Great Depression in 1929. In the period shortly before National Socialism, there were reports of great hardship in Dieburg. 700 Dieburger were unemployed. The city was in financial need, but tried to alleviate unemployment through various commissioned contracts, mainly road construction, and aid payments. From May 1930, the city even paid the unemployed health insurance contributions . There were strong arguments with the KPD member in the municipal council. The municipal council meetings attracted a great deal of attention.
The Reichstag election on March 5, 1933 brought Hitler a great election success in the German Reich. Just two days after this election, on March 7th, the SA and SS occupied all public buildings in the city early in the morning and hoisted swastika flags. The keys had to be handed over. Heinrich Knapp, the first member of the city council, who was deputy mayor due to the illness of Mayor Wick, was denied access to the town hall. After the guards were withdrawn on March 9th, he was allowed to exercise his office again, but was terrorized by the Nazis. At 4:30 a.m. on March 10, a 25-man storm troop ransacked his home. Nothing suspicious was found, but he was given leave the next day. The first streets were renamed on March 9th.
In order to maintain absolute power in the municipal corporations as well, the Reich government passed the "Provisional Act on the Harmonization of the Lands with the Reich" on March 31st. Section 12 of this law regulated that the municipal self-governing bodies had to be dissolved and that they had to be re-formed after the votes cast in the election for the German Reichstag on March 5 in the area of the electoral body. On March 5, 1933, the municipal election commissioner asked the local parties to submit their election proposals by April 18.
The municipal council thus formed met for the first time on May 5th. It consisted of eight members of the Center Party , four of the NSDAP and three of the SPD . The three members of the KPD were already excluded from the meeting. In advance, members of the NSDAP hung up swastika flags and a portrait of Hitler in the meeting room . While Mayor Wick, a member of the center, opened the meeting, the hall was stormed by SA men. Some of the audience were kicked out of the boardroom. Under the leadership of the NSDAP district chairman Franz Burkart, the National Socialists applied for the suspension of an official who was very close to Wick. This was refused. The officer was appointed secretary of the meeting. A few days later, however, he was released from the town hall and the new councilors were engaged. In his speech, Mayor Wick thanked the old councilors, with the exception of the KPD member, and all those "who have helped to liberate Germany and thus Dieburg from Bolshevism" . The council committees were subsequently formed. At the end of the meeting, at Burkart's request, the council unanimously decided to make Adolf Hitler an honorary citizen of Dieburg.
On July 23, the SPD was dissolved by order of the Reich government. Your community council members in Dieburg were no longer allowed to attend the meetings. The Enabling Act passed on March 23, through a constitutional amendment, with the consent of the center, guaranteed the Nazis absolute power in the Reich. After the Center Party disbanded itself on July 5, the Dieburg municipal council consisted only of members of the NSDAP. Mayor Wick was removed from office on July 10th. Franz Burkart was appointed acting mayor.
In 1937 the mayor's post in Dieburg, which had previously only been voluntary, was filled full-time. With "consideration for the reputation of the city of Dieburg as a district town" and "the additional work associated with the office of mayor as a result of the management of an electricity plant, a slaughterhouse and last but not least a 5000 acre forest" , Burkart was appointed by a councilor on May 26, 1937 Walter introduced as full-time mayor. To this end, the main statute was changed on February 23. Burkart was hired for 12 years.
But as early as 1938, the 2nd alderman Rödler, formerly the center, took over the mayor's business until 1940, because mayor Burkart and the 1st alderman Reiß were suspended. On February 3, 1940, the mayor's office was taken over by Peter Diehl, who was previously mayor of Gernsheim. Burkart took over the mayor's office in Gernsheim .
Second World War
The Second World War began with the attack on Poland on September 1, 1939. The majority of the male population was conscripted into military service. In October 1944, bombs fell on the city of Dieburg for the first time. After massive air raids, in which many people died, including children, and many buildings, including the Dieburger Stadtkirche, suffered great damage, Dieburg was occupied by US troops on Palm Sunday , March 25, 1945. Apparently, massive resistance was expected. However, during the night it was reported that the city should not be defended. At 7:00 am, American bombers attacked the city with high explosive and phosphorus bombs , as well as on-board weapons . Only a small group of the Hitler Youth, led by a major, resisted the American forces approaching from the southwest. At around 10:00 a.m., Dieburg was bombed by tanks and guns for 20 minutes. When the French prisoners of war, who were serving as paramedics in the officer-prisoner-of-war hospital set up there, waved white towels and then convinced the Americans that no strong resistance was to be expected in Dieburg, they stopped the artillery fire. On that day, 24 people died in Dieburg in addition to several Wehrmacht soldiers. Many buildings and streets were destroyed. After Dieburg was taken, the Americans began to take over the Munageland northwest of Dieburg. At around 4 p.m. they took Münster .
City arms
The city coat of arms of Dieburg shows Martin von Tours . This heraldic saint can be traced back to the seal from 1421 and 1538 . For a strongly Catholic city, it is normal that the city coat of arms shows a saint.
However, the mayor Peter Diehl, who ruled during the time of National Socialism , changed the city's coat of arms. Instead of Martin von Tours, he used the alleged city founder Heinrich von Dieburg as a coat of arms symbol. The use of Martinus was designated as disabled stopgap and explains: "Once the decision has to accept the right, venerable crest (the founder) are caught and this opportunity is now given" .
In 1952, the Hessian Minister of the Interior granted the city of Dieburg permission to use the original city arms.
Street renaming
Some examples of street renaming during the Nazi era:
- Groß-Umstädter Strasse : Adolf-Hitler-Strasse, should also be Ernst-Ludwig-Str. have been called; Houses around 1900.
- Behind the shooting wall : in Jahnstrasse
- Klosterstrasse : renamed Memelstrasse
- Leuschner-Strasse : in Horst-Wessel-Strasse
- Marienplatz : redesigned in 1929, Madonna made of shell limestone by Adam Winter , on a column, fountain, houses around 1900, Fig .: Schmidt, Dbg., Pictures for the * history of a town No. 69, 70, renamed Jakob-Sprenger-Platz.
- Marienstraße : Houses around 1900: int Hermann-Göring-Str.
- Zuckerstrasse : in Strasse der SA
- Minnefelder Seestrasse : in Hindenburgstrasse
Judaism
According to current research, the first documentary mention of a Jew in Dieburg can be traced back to the year 1328. From this point on, there are continuous mentions about Jewish life in Dieburg. In 1349, at the time of the black death , the Jewish community in Dieburg was almost completely wiped out by the persecution of the Jews and the plague. The Jewish cemetery was first mentioned in 1530. It was used as a burial place by all Jewish communities in the vicinity. During the National Socialist era, the tombstones were cleared away and built into a staircase, after 1945 they were returned. The first synagogue was inaugurated in Dieburg on February 5, 1869. As it fell into disrepair, a new synagogue was built, which was inaugurated on June 7, 1929. The city of Dieburg donated the wood for its construction. Mayor Wick and the pastors of the Catholic and Protestant Churches come to the inauguration. In 1910 175 Jews lived in Dieburg, in 1933 there were 150, according to other sources even 300. The coexistence with the Jews was very peaceful in Dieburg until 1933. The various religious communities showed great tolerance for one another.
The so-called Jewish boycott on April 1, 1933 was the first anti-Jewish action in Dieburg. The Jewish shops were posted by the National Socialists. It is not known whether there were SA posts in Dieburg. Since it was Shabbe on that day , the Jewish shops were closed anyway.
On April 15, a 22-year-old was beaten up by Dieburger SA. His father filed a criminal complaint, some of which he had to withdraw. On May 1st , National Labor Day , it was ordered that the houses should be decorated with flags and greenery. The Jews also followed suit. The house decorations, however, were torn down by SA men. Some Jews filed charges, but the investigation was unsuccessful.
The Jews were ousted from society. Everyone was forbidden to talk to the Jews or to greet them. In 1934, Mayor Burkart confiscated the Jewish allotments. The Jewish children were pushed out of the Dieburger Oberschule and had to attend the Jewish district school in Darmstadt , which only led to middle school . In 1935, Jews were banned from selling houses and were forbidden from participating in city auctions. On September 11th they were officially banned from moving to Dieburg, and the Nuremberg Laws of September 15th revoked their German citizenship nationwide . The Jews of Dieburg, who used to walk in the palace gardens on the Sabbath , were forbidden to do so. They were no longer allowed to trade with their fellow citizens and had all support withdrawn. In 1936 the riots held back because the National Socialists did not want to endanger the Olympic Games that year.
The first waves of persecution began in June 1938. In the anti-Jewish " June action " were under the campaign "Arbeitsscheu Reich" more than 10,000 people as so-called " anti-socials " in concentration camps deported. After the parents of Herschel Grynszpan had been deported to Poland in the " Polenaktion ", Grynszpan carried out an assassination attempt on the German embassy secretary Ernst Eduard vom Rath in Paris on November 7, 1938 . The Nazi propaganda used the death of von Rath on November 9 as an excuse to trigger the November pogroms of 1938 throughout the German Reich , which the Nazi leadership staged as "spontaneous popular anger" and referred to as "Reichskristallnacht" . All over Germany Jews and their property were attacked, destroyed, killed, set on fire. The SA men were supposed to carry out the actions in civilian clothes.
Such actions also took place in Dieburg on November 10th. Jewish shops and homes are destroyed. The interior of the synagogue was completely devastated. Since the synagogue was owned by the city of Dieburg according to the land register, no further destruction was undertaken. What happened to the Torah scrolls , the Torah cloaks and the other sacred objects cannot be precisely traced, but it is assumed that they were saved in the USA.
On November 11th, some Jews from Dieburg and the surrounding area were taken to the Buchenwald concentration camp in an omnibus . Conditions in this camp were catastrophic. The people there were terrorized by the guards and treated much worse than cattle. Many people died. The Jews were brought there at this point in order to set up the camp and to create pressure to emigrate. Jews who were ready to emigrate were released. They shouldn't tell anything about the camps and the conditions there, otherwise, if they were threatened, the promise to emigrate would not be kept. Many Jews who were given this opportunity and found out about it emigrated immediately. In May 1939 only 29 Jews were still living in Dieburg.
90 Jews were able to flee abroad. The fate of the 25 Jews who emigrated to other German cities, three to France and one to Holland is uncertain. Five died before 1939, one of them in Frankfurt am Main. There is no evidence above six. Seventeen Jews are known to have died in the persecution. They are: Simon Lorch III., Max and Frieda Krämer, Lina Rothschild Ww., David Kahn, his wife Babette geb. Neustädter and his children Jakob and Lotte, Adolf and Julie Lehmann, Hermann Katz, Sara Katz and Ludwig Katz, as well as Berta Keller, a Jew who converted to Catholicism.
After the end of the war, a few hundred refugees came to Dieburg with many children. The synagogue was made available to them by the American military government. It was re-inaugurated on July 29, 1947 and used by the Jewish community until 1948. In 1952 it was used as a furniture store and in 1957 it was converted into a movie theater. From 1965 it was used as a supermarket. The building was demolished in 1986 and a new building was erected there in 1988, which is still used today as a savings bank branch.
For three members of the Lorch family (Max Lorch, Ida Lorch nee Wolf and Sigrid Lorch), three stumbling blocks were laid in front of the house at Frankfurter Strasse 15 .
society
church
The Nazis were keen to take control of the church. The National Socialists appear in party uniform at church services. For this reason, the Bishop of Limburg issued on January 30, 1933: “Visiting the church in party uniform or with obviously worn party badges, regardless of which party it is, may not be tolerated, even if the church visit is in closed formation takes place " . In order to show their sympathy with the church, the National Socialists in Dieburg, led by Mayor Burkart, took part in the Corpus Christi procession on June 15, 1933 in top hats and tails. But they were not well-disposed towards the church, because a "black city" like Dieburg, in which they did not have the majority from the outset, but had to take power themselves, was a thorn in their side. The actions against the church are based on Pastor Georg's report after the war.
After Pastor Jakob Ebersmann died on November 1st, 1930, Pastor August Haus was called to Dieburg on January 16th, 1931. On the day of Hitler's “seizure of power” he wrote in the parish chronicle: “On January 31, 1933, the great political upheaval came in Germany. Adolf Hitler and his National Socialists take control. Ruthlessly crushing and forbidding any other conviction. The church is also approached, Catholic associations are forbidden, especially their public appearance despite something with St. Chair closed concordat intended to protect the church and its institutions. Clergymen are also removed from their parishes. --- What else will happen, God knows? "
On October 17, 1939, he wrote in the chronicle: “A war has broken out. As soon as the wounds of World War 1914-1918 have healed, we are in a new war. Revision of the Versailles Treaty is the watchword. The newly established Polish Empire in this treaty is subject. Russia, with which the German Empire concluded a non-aggression pact, registers the Nordic states of Estonia, Lithuania and Finland. England and France do not admit that. There will be a murderous war. "
Pastor Haus dies on July 3, 1940. After him, on October 1, 1940, Pastor Friedrich Georg took over the pastor's position. After the war he published an official report on the Nazi persecution in Dieburg:
“City dean Adam Ott and the Capuchin Fathers Hugo and Evarist spent three years in the Dachau concentration camp. Rector Wiedekind and the city council members Diehl, Schledt, Brandt, Fuchs and Lang were arrested in connection with the Hitler assassination attempt. Widekind spent 5 days in prison, the other gentlemen were in Dachau for 5 weeks.
The denominational school was abolished. The kindergarten was taken from the Catholic sisters and handed over to the NSV. The pastor's protest is dismissed with a wave of the hand. Many parents no longer send their children to kindergarten. But pressure is exerted on all parents who are dependent to send their children to kindergarten. They are summoned, they are warned, they are coerced.
There were deliberate appointments to work at the times of worship so that the youth should stay away from church events. The parents who sent their children to church anyway were worn down by the threat of punishment. The missing children are brought home by the police.
The pastor is asked to take the cross back from the head of the funeral procession at funerals so that the warrior association etc. do not have to go behind the cross, the pastor refuses. At the next funeral, the acolyte is chased back with the cross. The pastor takes a stand on the pulpit and has the people to himself that the cross remains at the top. Party formations no longer go with the funerals.
The body of the large cemetery cross is removed during the night. The statues of Mary and John under the cross are smashed and buried. The club flags are fetched, the boy scout home is forcibly laid down, the bishop's convict is forcibly rented out, and it became a prison hospital.
In 1937 the pilgrimage and the bishop's visit were disrupted. Vicious hate speeches are held against the bishop and officials are threatened with dismissal and asked not to let their children go to company. The bishop is portrayed as an accomplice of the moral criminals, who is not allowed to touch a German child. Several officials are under pressure and refuse to let their child company. All church street decorations are forbidden. The police control the streets and yellow and purple sleeves have to be removed even from the flower pots. The money received at the sales stand of the chapel association is confiscated by the Gestapo and taken away. They also demand the money received from the bell bag in the Chapel of Grace. Thanks to the skillful interaction of our people, the money got into the hands of the bishop in the rectory. The Gestapo did not dare to get it out of there and withdrew. Great excitement among the population. In the afternoon sermon the bishop publicly takes a stand against the meanness and threats that have been made.
The participants in the procession are photographed and pushed into their positions and workplaces.
In 1941 I applied to authorize the pilgrimage service to start early in the morning after the nighttime air raid alarm so that the pilgrims would not be on the street until ten o'clock in bad weather. The answer is: »According to the information from the State Police in Darmstadt, your request cannot be complied with. The decree that daily events on the day after the nightly air raid alarm may not take place before 10 a.m. must be respected under all circumstances. An exception for Dieburg cannot be permitted. Police in Dieburg. "
When I asked whether the pilgrimage could be held for the day or whether the provision of Corpus Christi applies that the celebration must be postponed to the following Sunday, I received the following answer: “After notification from the relevant authority, I will inform you of your request that the church celebrations should always be postponed to the following Sunday, taking into account the war conditions. There is nothing wrong with services on Sundays, but these can only take place in church. A procession on the church's own premises in the open air is also not permitted. The setting up of special sales items is not permitted, nor is the use of public transport for external visitors. The district administrator. "
On August 19, 1943, I became a go. State police invited to Darmstadt. There I was informed that the pilgrimage in Dieburg on Sunday, September 12th, is forbidden for reasons of traffic and air protection caused by the war. In addition, I was ordered to do everything possible to ensure that the faithful are informed of this prohibition in a suitable manner without causing a great deal of fuss. As a result, all invitations that had been sent out were withdrawn.
In 1944 no more invitations were sent. Even so, the pilgrimage was attended by five to six thousand pilgrims. Some of them had bought tickets beyond Dieburg and then got off in Dieburg. Other ticket agents had issued tickets to Dieburg despite the ban. The service was held as on Sundays. Some processions that came on foot from the surrounding area were chased back by the police. After the pilgrimage, Dieburg Nazi charged the Gestapo with the fact that the large number of foreigners had caused a food shortage in Dieburg. However, since it can be proven that no invitations had been sent and the pilgrims all had their own food with them, access by the Gestapo was not possible.
In April 1942 I was summoned to the Gestapo in Darmstadt and interrogated about the lectures that Sister Soteris gave for the women's dean's office. After I had been questioned in all directions, about the purpose, content and clients, I had to sign a document that I was coming on behalf of the bishop and that I had nothing to do with it.
A few weeks later I was interrogated in Dieburg because of the lectures I had given by the Capuchins. The Gestapo people declared that I must refrain from doing such things in the future.
In the same year the Gestapo appeared in the Dieburg rectory and told me that a report had been made that I was holding political events in the Chapel of Grace, with laypeople speaking. After a lot of guesswork as to what might be meant, I realized that only our war devotion, in which two young women said the rosary, could be considered. A long record has now been taken of what is being prayed in the rosary, which soldiers are being prayed for, whether victory is being prayed, etc. When I told the three Gestapo people that it was a shame that they sacrificed so much time for such a thing one said: "Even if 99 accusations fall under the table, we'll get them for the hundredth." The next week the two prayer leaders were summoned again to Darmstadt and each was interrogated for an hour, namely whether they were "lay helpers." Pastor's.
The Gestapo was repeatedly interested in our Borromeo Library, many volumes were confiscated and taken away. "
Press
The “Starkenburger Provinzial-Zeitung” was sold in Dieburg since 1848. The newspaper reported on the local events in the Darmstadt-Dieburg region. The last edition of the local newspaper appeared on March 29, 1941. The editor of the newspaper, Heinrich Herrmann, the owner of the Dieburger Verlag and his son-in-law Heinrich Plappert, the newspaper's editor, could not withstand the pressure from the National Socialists. From this point in time until 1945 the official local paper was the "Hessische Landes Zeitung - party official daily newspaper of the NSDAP Gau Hessen-Nassau". On May 6, 1949, the first edition of the “Dieburger Anzeiger”, the successor to the “Starkenburger Provinzial-Zeitung”, was published again under the direction of Heinrich Herrmann.
Mardi Gras
The Dieburger Carnival can be traced back to the year 1508. Because it belonged to Kurmainz at that time, it is related to the Mainz Carnival . Dieburg has a great carnival tradition. In the "5. Season ”Dieburg is taken over by the fools. But the history of the Dieburger Carnival also has a dark side. As early as the 1920s, the Dieburger Carnival was badly hit by the First World War . The Carnival Association, newly founded in 1926, lacked members and money. For this reason, the association saw its most important task in recruiting members. However, because of the Great Depression , this shouldn't be an easy task. The carnival was only celebrated on a small scale, but the tradition-conscious Dieburger did not give up. The seizure of power by the National Socialists, however, was a blow to Shrovetide. The district propaganda office approved the carnival events in 1934. However, it stipulated that carnival events had to be registered 8 days before they took place, the unmasking had to take place at midnight, money had to be transferred to the winter relief organization, the events should be held in a "decent Frame ” and the masked ball had to be opened with “ Sieg Heil ” instead of the traditional Dieburger carnival shout“ Äla ”. In the letter of approval of January 25, 1934 to the “leader” of the carnival club, Valentin Karst , the district propaganda leader asks the carnival club to “exercise its great influence” to ensure that “... the carnival events are decent Measure, because it remains as a sad fact that the carnival driving in Catholic districts in particular had degenerated quite dirty. Particular attention is to be paid to the behavior of the Jews, who may believe that they can use their gypsy greed. Any degeneration from this side must be reported to me immediately, because I consider it a racial disgrace when a German girl dances with a Galician. ” In the years that followed, the repression was eased somewhat, the unmasking had to take place at 2 o'clock and it was again Mardi Gras sessions held. In 1939, however, the last carnival took place before 1947, as World War II began. That year there was even a big carnival parade.
Warrior Memorial
Under the direction of Franz Burkart, the National Socialists built a war memorial on the area adjacent to the north side of the market square and the Fechenbach Park, which Baron Gabriele von Fechenbach had given to the city. The 4 name boards named the soldiers from Dieburg who fell and went missing in World War I, with the exception of the four fallen Jews, Abraham Kahn, Josef Bender, Hugo Fuchs and Leopold Lorch. The “consecration” of the memorial took place on August 4, 1935 with a parade of local NSDAP groups . Then the groups marched to the old monument from 1870/71 in the cemetery in Groß-Umstädter Straße. The memorial was then honored annually on March 16, the “Heroes' Remembrance Day” , with marches. In 1960, 15 years after the end of National Socialist rule, the Heldenmal was torn down. The name plaques were brought to the cemetery in Groß-Umstädter Straße.
Fechenbach Castle
The Fechenbach Castle is where from 1842 lived a Stadtschlößchen to 1939 the barons of Fechenbach. Until it was sold to the city of Dieburg in 1939 by Karoline Freiin von Dieburg, members of the family lived here. During the Nazi era, it was given to the NSDAP local group in Dieburg as a community center. Numerous Nazi organizations had their headquarters there. It was renovated and a large flight of stairs with a terrace to the south was added. Sandstone graves from the Jewish cemetery were used as building material . In 1945, however, these were brought back again. From 1946 to 1949 Fechenbach Castle was part of the DP camp set up in Dieburg . The castle now serves as a museum and was completely renovated between 2005 and 2007 and a modern extension was added.
kindergarten
In 1879 the city of Dieburg opened a toddler school, which in 1928 became an elementary kindergarten in the parish of St. Peter and Paul. This gave him the name “St. Joseph". The National Socialists took over the kindergarten against the opposition of the pastor and the bishop. He was subordinated to the National Socialist People's Welfare . As a result, many parents no longer wanted to send their children to kindergarten, but there was considerable pressure on them. “The pastor's protest is dismissed with a wave of the hand. ... But pressure is exerted on all parents who are dependent to send their children to kindergarten. They are summoned, they are warned, they are forced, ” wrote Pastor Geoerg in his report after the war. In the last year of the war, 1945, the kindergarten building was used as a hospital. From 1945 the kindergarten was reopened.
swell
- ↑ Data from: Association for the Preservation of the Groß-Umstadt Synagogue, "Groß-Umstadt - On the History of the Jews and their Synagogue", Groß-Umstadt , 1988, p. 84.
- ↑ hps, "What should we do against the Nazis?", Dieburg.
- ↑ a b c hps, “flags and guide pictures on all public buildings”, Dieburg.
- ^ Adi Simon, Dieburg - Contributions to the history of a city, Dieburg, 1977, pp. 167–169.
- ^ Stadtarchiv Dieburg, A 1284, municipal council during the Nazi era, 1933.
- ↑ hps, "Thrown out at the first council meeting", Dieburg.
- ^ Stadtarchiv Dieburg, A 2133 and A 2134, enactment of the main statute, 1937.
- ^ Adi Simon, Dieburg - Contributions to the History of a City, Dieburg, 1977, p. 172.
- ^ Adi Simon, Dieburg - Contributions to the history of a city, Dieburg, 1977, pp. 175–179.
- ↑ Jakob Ebersmann, "Dieburger Siegel"
- ↑ Stadtarchiv Dieburg, Valentin Karst, Re .: local coat of arms and the files destroyed by the war, Dieburg, December 5, 1955.
- ^ Monika Rohde-Reith, Dieburg City Archives, street designation in NS Zeit.doc
- ^ Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", pp. 8–9.
- ↑ a b c d e f hps, "The end of the Jewish community in Dieburg", Dieburg.
- ^ Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", p. 163.
- ^ A b Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", p. 223.
- ^ Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", p. 232.
- ^ Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", p. 175.
- ^ Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", pp. 250–254.
- ↑ Harald Fester, Dieburg, 2004.
- ^ Adi Simon, Dieburg - Contributions to the history of a city, Dieburg, 1977, pp. 174–175.
- ^ Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", p. 176.
- ^ The synagogue in Dieburg (Darmstadt-Dieburg district). Retrieved November 4, 2018 .
- ↑ hps, "Church, Pulpit Abuse, Concentration Camp", Dieburg.
- ↑ a b Stadtgemeinde St. Peter and Paul Dieburg, 100 years of the parish of St. Peter and Paul Dieburg, Dieburg, 1993, pp. 87–91.
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from May 19, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ hps, "Nazis and the Press", Dieburg.
- ↑ hps, "" Sieg Heil "instead of" Äla "and then on Tuesday only a" so-called cap ride "", Dieburg.
- ^ Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", p. 241.
- ^ Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", p. 235.
- ^ Günter Keim, "Contributions to the History of the Jews in Dieburg", p. 200.
- ^ Dieburg - Jewish DP camp
- ↑ a b Margarete Emslander, Catholic day care facility for children - 125 years of childcare in Dieburg, Dieburg, 2004.
