Narrow-leaved double seed
Narrow-leaved double seed | ||||||||||||
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Narrow-leaved double seed ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Diplotaxis tenuifolia | ||||||||||||
( L. ) DC. |
The narrow-leaved double seed ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia ), also called wild rocket or stinkrauke , is a type of plant from the genus double seed ( Diplotaxis ) within the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). It is sold under the name of rocket and used as a salad or spice.
description
Appearance and foliage leaf
The narrow-leaved double seed grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 20 to 70, rarely up to 100 centimeters. The plant parts, especially the leaves, smell intensely hot and spicy due to mustard oil glycosides . The green parts of the plant are frosted. The upright, often branched stem is more or less bare and can become lignified at the bottom.
There is no clear basal rosette of leaves. The stem is at least half-leafed and has about three to six stalked, bare leaves . In the lower leaves, the leaf blades are 2 to 15 centimeters long and 1 to 6, rarely up to 8 centimeters, elliptical to obovate with a wavy edge or are down to deeply pinnate , with two to five elongated to linear sections. The upper leaves are often similar to the lower leaves but with narrower sections as the leaves rise.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering period extends from May to September. In a terminal, initially schirmtraubigen later traubigen inflorescence many flowers are borne.
The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four 4 to 7 millimeter long sepals have a distinct white skin edge and are bald or hairy with straight trichomes . The four sulfur-yellow, on the underside significantly lighter petals are 7 to 11, rarely up to 15 millimeters long and 5 to 8 millimeters wide with rounded ends. The six stamens consist of 4 to 8 millimeter long stamens and 2.5 to 3 millimeter long anthers. In the ovary 20 and 32 are (often up to 46), ovules contained.
Fruit and seeds
The fruit stalk protruding from the stem is 0.8 to 3.5 millimeters long and about as long as the pods; there is also a 0.5 to 3 millimeter long section between the base of the calyx and the pod. The mostly upright pods have a length of 2 to 4, rarely up to 6 centimeters and a diameter of 1.5 to 2.5 millimeters and are slightly flattened, with a 1.5 to 3 millimeter long, beak-shaped, seedless uppermost segment. The seeds are arranged in two rows. The seeds range in size from 1 to 1.3 × 0.6 to 0.9 millimeters.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22, also 14, 18, 42 and 56.
ecology
The narrow-leaved double seed is a Chamaephyte that usually has basal leaves or buds .
Leaf rosettes are only formed in the 1st year. The plant has a taproot.
Biochemically, the species is remarkable because it is the only species in the native flora that uses an intermediate photosynthesis mechanism between C3 and C4 .
The flowers are "nectar-bearing disc flowers" with more or less hidden nectar. There is insect and self-pollination.
The pods burst when ripe and dry, especially when the plant is shaken (typical dry spreader).
The seeds become slimy when wetted; they spread as sticky.
Occurrence
The distribution area of Diplotaxis tenuifolia includes southern, central and eastern Europe, western Asia and the Caucasus. It is a neophyte in Northern Europe, Algeria, Honshu Island, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Argentina and Uruguay .
The narrow-leaved double seed has been proven to be a neophyte in Germany since 1768 . In Central Europe it is often found in weed communities , on paths, rubble sites, dams, in fallow land , rarely in fields. It thrives best in Central Europe in moderately alkaline and nitrogenous, sandy, loose soils . According to Ellenberg , it is a heat-loving light plant. He is a type of character of the association of semi-ruderal pioneer and loose grass societies (Convolvulo-Elymion = (Agropyrion) repentis). According to Oberdorfer , it is even a character species of the Diplotaxio-Agropyretum association, but also occurs in plant communities of the orders Sisymbrietalia or Onopordietalia.
Systematics
The first publication took place in 1755 under the name ( Basionym ) Sisymbrium tenuifolium by Carl von Linné . The new combination to Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. was published in 1821 by Augustin-Pyrame de Candolle .
There are two subspecies:
- Diplotaxis tenuifolia subsp. cretacea (Kotov) Sobrino : It occurs in Ukraine.
- Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. subsp. tenuifolia : It is common in Central and Southern Europe, Turkey, Syria, Armenia and Georgia.
Ingredients and toxicity
Important ingredients are glycosidically bound mustard oils , e.g. B. Glucoerucin.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia contains bitter-tasting erucic acid, which is toxic in a concentration of over 5% . The content is low in cultivated forms.
use
Diplotaxis tenuifolia (like Eruca sativa ) is used and traded as a salad plant and seasoning under the name of rocket .
swell
- Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC., Narrow-leaved double seed. In: FloraWeb.de.
literature
- Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, John F. Gaskin: Brassicaceae. : Diplotaxis tenuifolia , p. 433 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 440.
- ↑ a b c d Diplotaxis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
Web links
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Narrow-leaved double seed . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 24, 2015.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to: Eric Hultén , Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 .
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
- Arugula. - Information sheet from the Bavarian State Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture. (PDF file; 79 kB)