Double seeds

Double seeds
	Narrow-leaved double seed ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia )
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family :	Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe :	Brassiceae
Genre :	Double seeds
Scientific name
	Diplotaxis
	DC.

The plant genus of the double seeds ( Diplotaxis ) belongs to the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). The 32 or so species are widespread in the Old World .

description

Illustration from Flora Batava , Volume 18 of the Mauer-Doppelsame ( Diplotaxis muralis )

Flowers in detail from Diplotaxis acris

Vegetative characteristics

Diplotaxis species grow as annual to biennial or perennial herbaceous plants . They are bald or with simple hair. Their leaves are predominantly lobed to pinnate, less often undivided.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescence axes of the inflorescences , which are initially umbrella- shaped, lengthen until the fruit is ripe to form loose, racemose fruit bunches.

The hermaphroditic, radial symmetry flowers are fourfold. The sepals stand upright and are not or only slightly sagged. The four petals are yellow, rarely white; the stamens simple. The flowers have four nectaries ; One flat, kidney-shaped inside on the shorter stamens and one tongue-shaped outside on the longer stamens.

The pod is linear, somewhat compressed, with a short beak; the fruit valves have a distinct median nerve. The abundantly formed seeds stand in two rows. The cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are runny and folded lengthways.

The basic chromosome numbers are usually x = 7, 11 or 21; x = 8, 9, 10 or 13 are less common.

Diplotaxis catholica

Rocket-like double seed ( Diplotaxis erucoides )

Habit of Diplotaxis harra

Four-fold bloom of the wall double seed ( Diplotaxis muralis ) from the side with green, hairy sepals and yellow petals

Inflorescences of Diplotaxis virgata

Systematics and distribution

In 1821 Augustin Pyrame de Candolle established the genus Diplotaxis in Systema Naturae , 2nd edition, volume 2, page 628. The genus name Diplotaxis is derived from the Greek: diplo- for 'double' and taxis for 'arranged', this refers to the number of rows in which the seeds are arranged in each of the fruit compartments. A synonym for Diplotaxis DC. is Pendulina Willk.

The genus Diplotaxis belongs to the tribe Brassiceae in the family of Brassicaceae .

The distribution area extends from the Macaronesian Islands across northern and eastern Africa , from western to central to southern and southeastern Europe , from western Asia and the Arabian Peninsula via Pakistan and Afghanistan to Nepal in the Himalayas . Most of the Diplotaxis species thrive in the Mediterranean and the North African desert.

In Central Europe there are three types: wall double seed ( Diplotaxis muralis ), narrow-leaved double seed ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia ) and rod double seed ( Diplotaxis viminea ); a fourth, the rocket-like double seed ( Diplotaxis erucoides ) is introduced and inconsistent.

There are 32 to 33 types of Diplotaxis :

Diplotaxis acris (Forssk.) Boiss. : It occurs in Egypt on the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq , Israel and Jordan .
Diplotaxis antoniensis Rustan : It occurs only on the Cape Verde Islands .
Diplotaxis assurgens (Delile) Gren. : It occurs in Morocco and is a neophyte in France.
Diplotaxis berthautii Braun-Blanq. & Maire : It occurs in Morocco.
Diplotaxis brachycarpa Godr.
Diplotaxis brevisiliqua (Coss.) Mart.-Laborde : It occurs in Algeria and Tunisia .
Diplotaxis catholica (L.) DC. : It occurs in Morocco, Portugal and Spain and is a neophyte in Corsica and Madeira.
Diplotaxis cossoniana (Reut. Ex Boiss.) OESchulz (Syn .: Diplotaxis erucoides subsp. Longisiliqua (Coss.) Gomez-Campo , Diplotaxis erucoides subsp. Cossoniana (Reut. Ex Boiss.) Mart.-Laborde ): It comes in Morocco and in Algeria.
Diplotaxis decumbens (A.Chev.) Rustan & L.Borgen (Syn .: Sinapidendron decumbens A.Chev. ): It occurs on the Cape Verde Islands.
Rocket-like double seed ( Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. ): It occurs in Portugal, Spain, France , Italy , in North Africa , West Asia and on the Arabian Peninsula. It is a neophyte in Croatia, Slovenia and South America.
Diplotaxis gorgadensis Rustan : It occurs only on the Cape Verde Islands.
Diplotaxis gracilis (Webb) OESchulz : It occurs only on the Cape Verde Islands.
Diplotaxis griffithii (Hook. F. & Thoms.) Boiss. : It occurs in Pakistan as well as Afghanistan .
Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. : It occurs in Sicily , Spain, North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, West Asia and Pakistan .
Diplotaxis ibicensis (Pau) Gómez-Campo (Syn .: Diplotaxis catholica subsp. Ibicensis (Pau) Font Quer ): It occurs only on the Balearic Islands of Cabrera , Formentera , Ibiza and Mallorca and at two sites on the coast of Alicante .
Diplotaxis ilorcitana (Sennen) Aedo, Mart.-Laborde & Muñoz Garm. : It occurs in Spain.
Diplotaxis kohlaanensis A.G. Mill . & J.Nyberg : This endemic occurs only in Northern Yemen .
Wall double seed ( Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. , Syn .: Diplotaxis scaposa DC. )
Diplotaxis nepalensis H.Hara
Diplotaxis ollivieri Maire : It occurs in Morocco.
Diplotaxis pitardiana Maire : It occurs in Morocco.
Diplotaxis siettiana Maire : It is endemic to the Spanish island of Alborán , which belongs to Almeria and lies between Spain and Africa. This species was last observed in 1974 and has since been considered extinct in the wild. But seeds were still collected in 1974 and so an attempt at reintroduction could begin in 1999. Further observations will have to show whether this is successful in the long term. This species is still very endangered.
Diplotaxis siifolia Kunze : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Portugal and Spain.
Diplotaxis simplex (Viv.) Spreng. : It occurs in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt .
Diplotaxis sundingii Rustan : It occurs only on the Cape Verde Islands.
Narrow-leaved double seed ( Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. )
Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua Delile : It occurs in Morocco and Algeria.
Diplotaxis varia Rustan : It occurs on the Cape Verde Islands.
Diplotaxis villosa Boulos & Jallad : It occurs in Jordan and Israel.
Rod double seed ( Diplotaxis viminea (L.) DC. ): It occurs mainly in the Mediterranean region in many countries in southern Europe, North Africa, western Asia and the Crimea.
Diplotaxis virgata (Cav.) DC. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Portugal and Spain.
Diplotaxis vogelii (Webb) Cout. (Syn .: Sinapidendron vogelii Webb ): It occurs on the Cape Verde Islands.

swell

Juan B. Martínez-Laborde: Diplotaxis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 , pp. 432 (English, limited preview in Google Book search). - online with the same text as the printed work. (Sections Description and Systematics)

Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , pp. 23 (English). Diplotaxis - online with the same text as the printed work. (Sections Description and Systematics)

SMH Jafri: Flora of West Pakistan Vol. 55: Brassicacae , University of Karachi, Karachi 1973 ( Diplotaxis - online).

G. Eschmann-Grupe, H. Hurka, B. Neuffer: Species relationships within Diplotaxis (Brassicaceae) and the phylogenetic origin of D. muralis. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 243, Issue 1-2, 2003, pp. 13-29. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-003-0047-5 .

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b Juan B. Martínez-Laborde: Diplotaxis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 , pp. 432 (English, limited preview in Google Book search). - online with the same text as the printed work.
- Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , pp. 23 (English). Diplotaxis - online with the same text as the printed work.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Details for: Diplotaxis . In: The Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, January 2011, accessed on February 17, 2012 (English, after K.Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Diplotaxis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 440-441.
^ SI Warwick, A. Francis, RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . 3rd edition. Ed .: Multinational Brassica Genome Project. Ontario 2009, Taxonomic Checklist and Life History, Ecological, and Geographical Data (English, Online PDF 427 kB - Diplotaxis ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Database: BrassiBase, Version 1.2, March 2017 of the University of Heidelberg. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 3: Dicotyledones (Convolvulaceae - Labiatae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1986, ISBN 2-8277-0153-7 . (on-line).
↑ African Plant Database : Enter Diplotaxis in the search mask.
↑ SMH Jafri: Flora of West Pakistan Vol. 55: Brassicacae , University of Karachi, Karachi 1973 ( Diplotaxis - online).
↑ ^a ^b Diplotaxis species in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2017. Accessed on 2017-07-18.
↑ JR Press, KK Shrestha, DA Sutton: Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal . The Natural History Museum, London, 2000. ( Diplotaxis , updated version online).

Web links

Commons : Double seeds ( Diplotaxis ) - collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoNA-1] A ^b Juan B. Martínez-Laborde: Diplotaxis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 , pp. 432 (English, limited preview in Google Book search). - online with the same text as the printed work.
Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , pp. 23 (English). Diplotaxis - online with the same text as the printed work.

[2] Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , pp. 23 (English). Diplotaxis - online with the same text as the printed work.

[Euro+Med-2] Details for: Diplotaxis . In: The Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, January 2011, accessed on February 17, 2012 (English, after K.Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae).

[GRIN-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Diplotaxis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[Oberdorfer2001-4] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 440-441.

[Warw.2009B-5] SI Warwick, A. Francis, RK Gugel: Guide to Wild Germplasm of Brassica and Allied Crops (tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae) . 3rd edition. Ed .: Multinational Brassica Genome Project. Ontario 2009, Taxonomic Checklist and Life History, Ecological, and Geographical Data (English, Online PDF 427 kB - Diplotaxis ).

[Brassibase-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Database: BrassiBase, Version 1.2, March 2017 of the University of Heidelberg. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2

[MED-7] Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 3: Dicotyledones (Convolvulaceae - Labiatae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1986, ISBN 2-8277-0153-7 . (on-line).

[APD-8] African Plant Database : Enter Diplotaxis in the search mask.

[FoP-9] SMH Jafri: Flora of West Pakistan Vol. 55: Brassicacae , University of Karachi, Karachi 1973 ( Diplotaxis - online).

[IUCN-10] Diplotaxis species in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2017. Accessed on 2017-07-18.

[NPC-11] JR Press, KK Shrestha, DA Sutton: Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal . The Natural History Museum, London, 2000. ( Diplotaxis , updated version online).