Salzburg Cathedral Chapter

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The Salzburg Cathedral Chapter is an association of canons responsible for worship at the Episcopal Church and the city of Salzburg. Presumably it goes back to Rupert von Salzburg .

history

The founding date for the Salzburg Cathedral Chapter is not certain. One assumption is that St. Rupert formed the first association of canons in addition to the monastic community in the monastery of St. Peter . In 774, twelve canons are named under Bishop Virgil in Salzburg; the mentioned source from the years 1170–1178 is however contested. In the fraternization book of the monastery of St. Peter from 784, however, a separate class of canons ( canonicorum ordo ) is mentioned. Archbishop Odalbert's book of traditions shows that in 931 the cathedral chapter and the monastery of St. Rupert had separately administered properties, and a priest Liutfried is named as the head of the cathedral chapter. In 987 the cathedral chapter was finally separated from the monastery of St. Peter.

It can be assumed that the Salzburg canons led their lives according to the Institutio canonicorum decided on at the synods of Aachen in 816 (this contained provisions on the holding of mass, choir prayer, reading, living together and the lack of private property). This is certain from the beginning of the 11th century, as this rule was entered in the tradition book of the Salzburg Cathedral Chapter. For this purpose, a new cathedral monastery was built on the south side of the cathedral, which consisted of three parts, each with its own cloister for the canons, the cathedral women and the lay brothers (bearded brothers). The cathedral women monastery was abolished in 1462 by Archbishop Bernhard von Rohr. A dormitory for the concubines of the archbishop was set up on the site. His successor ( Johann III. Beckenschlager ) retained this practice . On January 20, 1122, Archbishop Konrad I introduced the Augustinian Rule for the cathedral chapter and transformed the cathedral chapter into a monastery of the regulated canons; Pope Calixt II confirmed this in a document dated February 19, 1123. The parish rights in the city of Salzburg were also transferred from the St. Peter monastery to the cathedral monastery. The canons became so important that the archbishop was soon unable to make any goods transactions without the canons' consent.

In the course of history, the canons acquired the right to appoint the archbishop. Previously, the Salzburg archbishops were appointed by kings and emperors, sometimes with the assistance of ministerials and the clergy. Archbishop Konrad I gave the cathedral chapter and the abbot of St. Peter sole voting rights; this was recognized by Emperor Friedrich II. in 1213 in the gold bull of Eger . Until 1256, when Elekt Philipp von Spanheim , who was supported by St. Peter, was not elected archbishop, the Abbot of St. Peter remained eligible to vote, after which he only took part in the negotiations as a witness. After the death of Archbishop Rudolf von Hoheneck , the cathedral chapter took over government affairs for the first time in 1290 during the period of the Sedis vacancy . During these times, canons were also the governors in the two largest fortresses in the country, namely Hohensalzburg and Hohenwerfen Castle . In the event of an upcoming election of an archbishop, the canons formulated so-called electoral capitulations (the oldest one is that of 1427) to the future archbishop, which he had to comply with. It was not until Pope Innocent XIII. these were generally banned in 1685. The cathedral chapter was also very influential in political terms, for example it decided in favor of the Roman Pope Urban VI during the great schism in 1378 . and not for Clement VII, residing in Avignon , who was actually advocated by the Metropolitan . In a dispute with Emperor Friedrich III. , who wanted to make his favorite Johann Beckenschlager the successor to Archbishop Bernhard von Rohr , the cathedral provost Christoph Ebran von Wildenberg was elected counter-archbishop.

You became a member of the cathedral chapter through the majority vote of the chapter. The prerequisites were marital birth and noble descent. A specific feature of Salzburg was that you could only become a full member of the cathedral chapter after being ordained a priest (and not by being ordained a subdeacon ). A departure from the chapter was only possible through the assumption of higher ecclesiastical dignity (often the appointment as bishop in a Salzburg suffragan diocese ). Up to the middle of the 14th century the number of canons was 24, but in the 15th century it temporarily fell to seven. The superior of the cathedral chapter was the cathedral provost , who also exercised the power of punishment over all canons and all staff of the monastery in all secular matters. The cathedral provost was elected by the cathedral chapter, but in the 15th century appointments by the popes increased. From Pope Gregory IX. (1230) and Archbishop Eberhard II , the Provost also received the right to wear the episcopal insignia ( pontificals ) ( infulation ). The cathedral dean was the head of choir singing. The city ​​pastor ( plebanus ) took third place as the first pastor in the city. A custodian was appointed as head of administration , but mostly not from among the canons. Archbishop Eberhard II also created the offices of scholaster , cantor and oblajar . The Schlolasticus was the head of the cathedral school, the cantor led the choir singing in the cathedral and the oblajar administered the mass foundations (oblai) in the cathedral. Occasionally there was also a hospital master (hospitalarius) who administered the hospital , and also an infirmary master as head of the hospital department.

Alongside the St. Peter monastery, the cathedral monastery was an important center of science and art in Salzburg. It became famous for its library, the compilation of historical writings (Canon Heinrich wrote the Historia calamitatum ecclesiae Salisburgensis in 1170 ; the yearbooks of the cathedral monastery , the Annales sancti Rudberti Salisburgensis , are important historical sources ). There is evidence of its own writing school since 987. The monastery also housed an important building and art workshop, which was run by lay brothers.

The cathedral chapter was secularized under Cardinal Matthäus Lang . As a skilful diplomat, Pope Julius II managed to get him to be appointed coadjutor of Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach with the right of succession as early as 1512 . At the same time, the Pope forbade the cathedral chapter to hold a new election. Since Matthäus Land promised the cathedral chapter the abolition of the cathedral monastery, he was able to obtain the approval of the canons for his appointment against the resistance of the estates. On December 8, 1514, Pope Leo X recognized the secularization of the cathedral chapter and changed it from an Augustinian canons to a secular one. This is commented on in the Salzburg Chronicle of Leonhard Tornator, saying that “in future, the canons would more easily indulge in waste and the usual scandals, which they have shied away from with regard to their religious habit”. One should not forget, however, that Tornator was a man of the St. Peter Abbey and that this quote also reflects the animosity between these two church institutions in Salzburg.

The coats of arms of the 24 members of the cathedral chapter from the end of 1535 can be found on the ceiling of the Knights' Hall of Goldegg Castle . These are Kaspar von Risenbach (1511 - 1545, provost 1530 - 1545), Ambros von Lamberg (1517 - 1551, cathedral dean 1530 - 1551), Christoph von Weisseneck (before 1514 - 1535), Count Sigismund von Ortenburg (1492 - 1547) , Senior 1523 - 1547), Andreas von Kuenburg (1517 - 1536, parish priest 1527 - 1536), Marquard von Stain (1514/15 - 1559), Georg Graf von Ortenburg (1517 - 1548), Wilgelm von Trautmannsdorf (1517 - 1580) , Jodok von Risenbach ( 1527-1545 ), Friedrich von Risenbach ( 1517-1549 , custodian 1526), Friedrich Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach ( 1522-1536 ), Seifried von Gleinitz ( 1527-1553 ), Johannes von Kuenburg (1525-1555 , Scholaster 1530 - 1536), Christoph Adam von Nußdorf (1525 - 1551), Paul Stadler (1527 - 1544, court master and later pastor of Werfen and Teisendorf ), Eberhard Peuscher von Leonstein (1527 - 1558, cantor 1530 - 1558), Johannes von Malentein (1528 - 1550), Eberhard von Hürnheim (1528 - 1560), Arnulf von Zinzendorf (1527 - 1561), Christoph von Lamberg (152 6 - 1579), Wolf Dietrich von Maxelrain (1527 - 1543), Carl Graf von Schernberg and Goldegg (1529 - 1544), Bartholomäus von Tannhausen (1536 - 1553) and Hainrich von Dachsperg (1530 - 1537). Half of them had studied, mostly at the Jesuit University in Ingolstadt . Some had also spent semesters at the universities of Bologna, Siena, Pavia, Padua, Ferrara, Paris, Vienna, Leipzig, Tübingen, Freiburg, Basel and Krakow. Quite a few of them had made long journeys in spite of the residence obligation, some of them were also active in the diplomatic service or represented the archbishop at the Reichstag in Augsburg and Nuremberg or at the district assemblies in Regensburg and Landshut.

Development of the Salzburg cathedral chapter after the conversion in 1514

The cathedral chapter, which had become secular, ceased its activities on January 1, 1807 after the secularization of the prince-archbishopric of Salzburg in 1803 and the end of the electorate in 1806. In terms of canon law, however, it continued to exist because it was never repealed. On the initiative of Emperor Franz I of Austria , the Archdiocese of Salzburg and the cathedral chapter were re-established. In a decree of May 8, 1817, the emperor set a corresponding endowment for the archbishop and the cathedral chapter. In the new constitution, the cathedral chapter was limited to twelve canons. Pope Leo XII. decreed on March 7, 1825 the church to re-establish the cathedral chapter. The twelve canons consisted of four inful dignitaries: the provost, the dean, the scholaster and the custodian. There were also four canonici seniores and four canonici juniores as well as two candidates ( canonici domicellares ). The cathedral chapter continued to have the right to elect the archbishop. However, this was considerably restricted in a concordat between the Republic of Austria and the Holy See from 1934, because now the cathedral chapter can only elect the archbishop from three persons proposed by the Pope in a free and secret ballot. This makes the Salzburg Cathedral Chapter the only one in Austria that has the right to vote.

Pope Paul VI decreed in 1968 that no more infiltration should be carried out in the future . Further changes to the statutes were resolved on December 19, 1983 and approved by Archbishop Karl Berg on January 1, 1984.

See also

literature

  • Friedrich Hermann: St. Peter and the Salzburg Cathedral Chapter . In: Office of the Salzburg State Government - Culture Department (Ed.): The oldest monastery in the German-speaking area. St. Peter in Salzburg. 3rd National Exhibition, May 15 - October 26, 1982. Treasures of European art and culture . Salzburg 1982, pp. 70-74.
  • Heinz Dopsch: The cathedral monastery Salzburg. From the beginnings to secularization (1514). In the province of Upper Austria (publisher), 900 years of Reichersberg Abbey. Augustinian Canons between Passau and Salzburg. Exhibition by the Province of Upper Austria, April 26 to October 18, 1984 in the Reichersberg am Inn Abbey , Linz 1984, pp. 171–188.
  • Cathedral monastery Salzburg (description of the exhibits in the winter refectory). In the province of Upper Austria (publisher), 900 years of Reichersberg Abbey. Augustinian Canons between Passau and Salzburg. Exhibition by the Province of Upper Austria, April 26 to October 18, 1984 in the Reichersberg am Inn Abbey , Linz 1984, pp. 344–359.
  • Alessandro Cont: Leopoldo Ernesto Firmian (1708-1783) e l'arcidiocesi di Salisburgo , “Annali dell'Istituto storico italo-germanico in Trento”, 32 (2006), pp. 71-126.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Friederike Zaisberger : The knight's hall in Goldegg Castle. Salzburger Land. Office of the Salzburg Provincial Government, Salzburg 1981, p. 22.