Drama by Hautefaye

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The Hautefaye drama is a French criminal case in which the landowner Alain de Monéys was lynched and burned on August 16, 1870 at a mass in the village of Hautefaye in the Dordogne . The case is to be seen against the background of the war of 1870/71 and the passions it stirred up in the population of the small town. As a result of a simple misunderstanding, Alain de Monéys was believed to be a Prussian , which led to his lynching . The rumors of cannibalismwhich emerged on the mayor's attributed remarks and alleged actions of the villagers, exacerbated the barbaric nature of the event. Of the 21 defendants in this murder case, the four chief perpetrators were sentenced to death and another to life-long forced labor.

Several books have dealt with this affair. For the writer Georges Marbeck, it symbolizes the ritual murder of the scapegoat , while the historian Alain Corbin sees the reasons for the events more in the peasants' hatred of the nobility .

background

peinture montrant une charge de cavalerie
Illustration of the Battle of Wörth (Reichshofen), source of the misunderstanding that led to the lynching of Alain de Monéys.

The drama took place in August 1870, one month after France declared war on Prussia on July 15, 1870. The first news of the defeats on the Lorraine front at Wissembourg , Forbach and Frœschwiller had arrived on August 5 and 6. Alain Corbin sees the government's decision to withhold information about these defeats as a reason for spreading rumors about the presence of Prussian spies in the area and a conspiracy by the nobility and priesthood against the German Empire . These, in turn, worried public opinion and even led to outbreaks of collective anxiety. In Châtellerault , for example, a railway employee was harassed because he was suspected of being a spy for the pay of the enemy. These unrest and rumors, combined with the drought that struck the region in 1870, are part of the rumors that spread in the village and on the exhibition grounds on the occasion of the annual cattle market in Hautefaye, an occasion for meetings and trade for the residents of the village and the neighboring communities.

In addition to the general political background, there was a catastrophic economic situation for farmers in the Dordogne . In the summer of 1870, the drought had lasted for months, with lack of rain and high temperatures threatening crops and livestock. On August 16, the day of the Hautefaye cattle market, when business was normally good, it was downright bad: the news from the front made people feel even more heated. On this particularly hot day, some of the market visitors increasingly favored alcohol , as well as wine and absinthe .

The drama

The protagonists

photo montrant un homme debout accoudé contre un meuble
The victim, Alain de Monéys

The victim, Alain Romuald de Monéys d'Ordières, was the son of Amédée de Monéys, the former mayor of Beaussac . He runs the estate of Brétanges Castle between Hautefaye and Beaussac. A bachelor of 32 years, he was exempted from military service because of his weak constitution, in particular from being drafted as part of the introduction of compulsory military service in 1870 in the wake of the Prussian threat . However, inspired by the desire to serve his country, he had this exemption canceled and was about to join the Lorraine front. Since 1865 he was a member of the city council of Beaussac and was first alderman. His family owned 80 hectares of land in Hautefaye. At the fair of Hautefaye on August 16, 1870 he took part in his capacity as administrator of the family estate.

Those designated by the judicial authorities as ringleaders are residents of Hautefaye and visitors to the cattle market from the neighboring villages. In detail: François Chambord, 33 years old, farrier in Pouvrière, a district of the municipality of Souffrignac in Charente , 9 km from Beaussac; he was seen as the leader of the group and, like the other main aggressors, is not personally acquainted with the victim; Léonard, called "Piarrouty", 53 years old, rag collector in Nontronneau; Pierre Buisson, called "Arnaud" or "Lirou", 33 years old, farmer; François Mazière, known as “Silloux”, land tenant for 29 years ; and the brothers Étienne and Jean Campot, farmers in Mainzac.

The following people tried to protect and defend Alain de Monéys: the Abbé Victor Saint-Pasteur, parish priest of Hautefaye; Philippe Dubois, sawmill from Hautefaye; Georges Mathieu, craftsman from Beaussac and nephew of Bernard Mathieu, Mayor of Hautefaye; and Pascal, the house servant in Bretanges Castle.

First incident

The affair began with an incident centered around Camille de Maillard de Lafaye, a cousin of Alain de Monéys, 26 years old, son of the Mayor of Beaussac and known for his legitimist views. He was the victim of an initial misunderstanding that had no consequences for him, but the repetition of which was subsequently Alain de Monéy's doom. After reading the dispatches about the Battle of Wörth (French also Battle of Reichhoffen), Maillard said that the French army was forced to retreat. Thereupon he was attacked by the bystanders and accused of spreading false news, yes, of being in the service of the Prussians. In an attempt to explain himself and clarify his statements, he was now accused of shouting "Long live the Republic". The minds heated up more and more, the hostility towards him became more and more lively. However, with the intervention of his tenant, he manages to escape.

During the trial, one of Alain de Monéys' murderers, François Mazière, said that a few days earlier, on August 9th, at a fair in Charras, he heard Maillard explain: “The emperor is lost, he has run out of ammunition”, and regretted that he was outraged by his statements that he was unable to "finish" him that day. For Corbin, this means that on August 16, the day of de Monéy's assassination, there was obviously deliberate action. According to Corbin, Maillard's escape forced the suspicious and agitated residents to pounce on de Monéys as a substitute victim.

Second incident

Alain de Monéys appeared at the Hautefaye fair around two in the afternoon, after Camille de Maillard had escaped. Shortly after arriving at the fair, Monéys sees peasants armed with sticks approach. When he inquired about the situation, he learned from a colporteur named Brethenoux, known as “the Mexican” because he had participated in the French intervention in Mexico , that his cousin, Camille de Maillard, had yelled: “Down with Napoleon! Long live the Republic! ”Since he could not believe Brethenoux's words, Monéys accompanied the farmer to the scene to see if other witnesses could confirm what had happened. These included: Le Cussou, Pinard, Mazière, the Campot and Buisson brothers, all of whom confirmed what Brethenoux had said. Eventually the group gathered around Alain de Monéys, who continued to defend his cousin.

When he continues to refuse to admit that Maillard could have uttered these words, Monéys is ultimately attacked by the group, which is becoming more numerous and hostile. Confused by some with Maillard, he is at the center of events and, on his part, accused of having shouted “Long live the Republic”, of being a traitor and a Prussian. Despite his statements (he promises to stand on the side of the peasants and to prepare for the fight against the Prussians), the group makes the first death threats and carries out the first blows.

Torture and murder

Attempted hanging

Despite his efforts to clear up the misunderstanding and to show that he is on their side, Alain de Monéys finds himself surrounded by increasingly angry farmers. One of them, Buisson, yells: "This is a Prussian, you have to hang him up, you have to burn him!" The Campot brothers were the first to strike; that is the trigger for the mass hysteria. Protecting himself from the blows, trying to calm the crowd by shouting “Long live the emperor!”, Alain de Monéys quickly found himself surrounded and mistreated. The Abbé Saint-Pasteur, local pastor of Hautefaye, intervened, pistol in hand, to assist him. However, in view of the determination of the attackers and the understanding that he himself would be exposed to the growing anger of the group, he withdrew to the rectory . He tries to distract himself by inviting the peasants to follow him to drink with him to the emperor's welfare ; some follow him. Now Philippe Dubois and Georges Mathieu, the mayor's nephew, intervene and try to evade Monéys from repeated attacks by the peasants; Pushed away from the crowd, they also fail to bring the nobleman, who is already marked by kicks and blows with a stick, to safety. They want to take him into the house of the mayor, Bernard Mathieu, but he denies them entry because he fears that the mob will penetrate there and devastate his house. The protectors can no longer oppose the group themselves. Mazière and Buisson then seize the victim and deliver it again to the anger of the peasants who are further incited by the wine offered by the pastor.

The group, led by Chambord, is initially considering taking Monéys to the authorities, but given the passivity of the village mayor, the farmers decide to hang him on a cherry tree. Alain Corbin points out that the mayor's lack of authority at this point allows Chambord to rise to the position of leader of the punitive action: he goes so far as to claim that he is a member of the Hautefaye municipal council, which gives him the right to take initiatives. The attempt at hanging fails due to the fragility of the branches of the tree; it is decided to beat the victim to death.

Torture

From now on, the intention to prolong the victim's torment before finally killing Alain de Monéys is implemented. Chambord stirs up the crowd: "Before you kill the Prussian, you have to let him suffer!" The torturers allow the victim to rest between the individual attacks. He is dragged into the workshop of the mayor, who is also a farrier. The attackers tie him to the claw stand with straps , while he is exposed to wild blows in the face and kicks from Bouillet, known as "déjeunat". Corbin points out that little is known about this episode from the interviews and testimonies.

In the meantime, Pascal, the Monéys' servant, has arrived at mass to meet his master; Having become aware of the screams and instructed by Georges Mathieu and Dubois, he goes to the workshop to free Alain de Monéys, taking advantage of the attackers' brief absence. However, the return of the mob ends this renewed attempt at liberation. Once again exposed to blows, Monéys is now hit in the head by a particularly strong blow that Piarrouty inflicts on him with his spring balance, and which some witnesses consider fatal.

At the urging of the victim's protectors, the mayor suggests bringing him to his sheepfold. Alain de Monéys is brought to safety and looked after by Dubois. The indictment states that at the time he “believed himself saved. He gave instructions to buy a barrel of wine for his persecutors ”. However, the mob led by Chambord broke in the door, which gave way the moment Monéys, on Dubois' advice, tried to swap clothes for work suits in order to escape undetected.

The Campot brothers seize the sacrifice again and hand it over to the violence of the peasants, which is now reaching its peak. According to witnesses, Alain de Monéys' head is "like a bloody ball". He is taken to the fairgrounds, but Dubois tries to get him to the inn. The host pinches the ankle of the victim trying to enter, which collapses from the pain. He is already believed to be dead, but then witnesses see him in an unexpected outburst, rising under his own steam and running towards a barn, where he grabs a stake and turns it against the mob. Jean Campot succeeds without difficulty in disarming Monéys and turning the stake on the victim who is dragging himself under a cart. As soon as he is pulled out from underneath, Pierre Buisson uses this stake to strike him on the neck, which is the fatal blow to the Witnesses. From this moment on, it is apparently a doomed person or already a corpse on whom the crowd rushes, each wanting to take part in the slaughter, which takes about ten minutes. Corbin points out that apart from Piarrouty's hook and a pitchfork, no stabbing weapon, knife or pickaxe, was used. After the blows on the lifeless body, Mazière and Jean Campot each take a leg with the intention of dividing it into four; however, they only manage to take his shoes off.

The burn

Mazière et Campot pull d'Alain de Monéys by the legs in the direction of an old pool, which the locals call "the dried up lake" and where the celebrations on St. John's Day are traditionally held. They are followed by the move consisting of the farmers and the mayor girded with his official sash. Alcide Dusolier , a childhood friend of Alain de Monéys', who went to the scene the next day, recorded this moment in a text from 1874: “He was pulled by his legs through the streets of the city , his bleeding head thumped on the cobblestones, his torn body jumped from right to left, everything under the screams: 'Long live the emperor, long live the emperor!' "

When it arrived, the body was thrown into the dry pond. Under the direction of Chambord, bundles of brushwood, branches and rubbish were brought in. Chambord takes a bale of straw from a farmer with the promise that he will be paid by the emperor. Chambord and Campot pile the bundles of brushwood and straw on the body, which some witnesses say is still moving. Dubois makes one last attempt to prevent the inevitable, but becomes the hunting object of a dozen peasants and is forced to flee.

Since no one has matches, Chambord fetches a package of matches or has young Thibassou fetch it. He then orders three children to set fire to the pile of sticks and straw. The pyre lights up amid the vivas of the bystanders: "Long live the emperor!" A certain Duroulet comments on the burning with the words: "See how well it burns!" Another named Besse adds when he sees the fat from the burning body adds: “What a shame about the beautiful fat!”, a third person lights a cigarette on the embers of the pyre.

Corbin states that there are exactly two hours between the beginning of the story of suffering and its tragic end, and declares this division of time to be “implicitly calculated” from the desire to thin out collective responsibility, so that everyone could participate in the lynching.

After the lynching

Visage de Napoléon III vu de face coupé at the level of épau-les
Emperor Napoleon III.

Reactions and consequences

On the evening of the same day, the residents of the area were already informed about the events in Hautefaye. Some of the protagonists boast of their deeds, Piarrouty speaks of the three blows with the scales that he inflicted on the victim, Madame Antony reports that her tenant, Mazière, excitedly came back from Hautefaye and said: “Yes, we have killed and burned the Prussians, I struck and do not regret it! He refused, 'Long live the emperor!' Others even expect a reward: Pierre Sarlat and the stonemason François Cholet believe that they would be paid by the emperor to burn Monéys.

The lords of the castle, horrified by the events, fear the return of the peasant revolts (French: Jacquerie ) and some, including the Monéys, form defense groups in order to be able to counter a possible attack by the peasants. This fear even afflicts the town of Nontron , which was in a similar situation to the peasant revolts in the Périgord in the 17th century. (French: jacqueries des croquants) feared. Marbeck states that the psychosis of the "Prussian Junkers", which is at the origin of the Hautefaye drama, corresponds to the psychosis of the "raised pitchforks".

Two days after the events, the regional press reported the drama. Le Charentais of August 18th, then Le Nontronnais of August 20th, speak of acts of rudeness and barbarism, Le Nontronnais describes the farmers as “cannibals”. With the Le Moniteur universel on August 23, the national press reported on the drama.

Finally, the affair also preoccupies the government. On August 20, the Minister of the Interior, Henri Chevreau, in response to a delegate's question about the peasant uprisings that broke out in the country, condemned the events in Hautefaye: “An act of immense rawness has recently been committed in Nontron which will meet with general disapproval. A citizen was burned in the middle of a crowd who couldn't find the strength to face such a heinous crime. "

On August 27, Bernard Mathieu was publicly dismissed from his post as Mayor of Hautefaye by decree of August 24, and was temporarily replaced by the councilor Élie Mondout.

A new stage in the shame that rained down on the village was reached when, after the fall of the Second Empire, Alcide Dusolier as the new republican sub-prefect of the Dordogne, who saw this village as a center of Bonapartist resistance, asked the prefect to remove his name and incorporate Hautefaye after Nontron to be erased from the map. The proposal is presented to the Minister of the Interior. Faced with opposition from the interim mayor and later from Martial Villard, the new mayor - both argue that the law only recognizes the criminal liability of the individual and consequently does not hold an entire village responsible for crimes committed by people who are not even all from Hautefaye can - the renaming project is abandoned.

The cannibalism rumor

The lynching took place in the livestock market and some participants used metaphors related to the slaughter of cattle and pigs; one says: "We grilled a great pig in Hautefaye." The cannibalistic farmers' fantasy is formed in the press, especially in Le Nontronnais on August 20, which the rebels at the cattle market use this expression, and is used by the villagers and spread to the nobles, including the uncle of Alain de Monéys, who conjured up the threat posed by the "cannibals" in a letter dated August 22, 1870. The rumor of cannibalism takes concrete forms in the process, based on two utterances ascribed to the protagonists during the events. One of the witnesses, the roofer Jean Maurel, 78, said he heard Mayor Bernard Mathieu say, in response to the crowd who expressed their intention to burn and eat the victim: “Do what you want, eat him because of me! ”The mayor vehemently denied this statement to the witness, who withdrew his testimony. On the basis of another testimony, the statements of Besse are also introduced into the proceedings, who regretted that he could not catch the draining fat. At that session, two flat stones with traces of grease were presented as evidence to the prosecution.

Both fictional reworking of the case in the 21st century. tie in their titles to the rumor of cannibalism or the statement of the village mayor, cf. below.

Preliminary investigation and arrests

une église romane située in un village
The church of Hautefaye

The charred body of Alain de Monéys was laid out between two sheets in the church of Hautefaye. Doctor Roby-Pavillon, who carried out the autopsy, reports on the condition of the corpse on the evening of August 16: “Almost completely charred corpse, lying on its back, face tilted slightly upwards to the left, legs spread, right hand stiff Holding over the head as if in a pleading gesture, the left hand brought to the left shoulder and stretched out as if pleading for mercy; the facial features express pain, the trunk twisted and curved backwards ”. As a result of the examination of the corpse, the doctor determines that he was burned alive and died from the consequences of asphyxia and burns and was previously wounded by blunt, sharp and cutting objects. The injury to his skull was inflicted by someone standing behind him while he was standing upright. He was dragged alive. Roby Pavilion closes with the statement that "the entirety of the injuries sustained would inevitably have led to death".

The gendarmes sent from Nontron to the crime scene and the surrounding area make the first arrests. About fifty people are summoned and interrogated by examining magistrate Marchenaud. On August 19, the Attorney General of the Imperial Court of Bordeaux , Charles Boreau-Lajanadie, went to the scene and pulled the trial.

On September 18, the accused were transferred from Nontron prison to Périgueux to be charged at the extraordinary session of the Criminal Court, scheduled for December 26, but adjourned to October 18. Alcide Dusolier drafted a proclamation to dispel the rumors that the accused would benefit from the amnesty announced on the occasion of the proclamation of the republic. It is posted in the streets of Nontron and contains the names of the suspects:

“The suspects, twenty-one in number, were transferred this morning under gendarmerie escort from our pre-trial detention center to the capital of the department.

The following are the names in alphabetical order: 1. Beauvais, known as Roumaillac, sawmill in Vieux Mareuil; 2. Besse, called Duroulet, earthworker in Javerlhac; 3. Brouillet, known as Déjeunat, landowner in Grézilles, in the municipality of Feuillade (Charente); 4. Brut, bricklayer in Fayemarteau, Hautefaye municipality; 5. Buisson, called Lirou, from Feuillade (Charente); 6. Campot (Etienne), farmer in Chabrie, Mainzac municipality (Charente); 7.Campot (Jean), farmer in Chabrie, district of Mainzac (Charente); 8. Chambord, farrier in Pouvrière, municipality of Souffrignac (Charente); 9. Delage, called Lajou, farmer in Doumeyrat, municipality of Grassac (Charente); 10. Feytou (Girard), miner in Frontoubade, Lussas municipality; 11. Frédéric (Jean), bricklayer in Beaussac; 12. Lamongie (Léonard), farmer in Grand-Gilou, Hautefaye municipality; 13. Léchelle, called Pinart, farmer in Frontoubade, Lussas municipality; 14. Léonard (François), called Piarrouty, rag picker in Nontronneau, municipality of Lussas; 15. Licoine (Roland), farmer in Feuillade (Charente); 16. Limay (André), called Thibassou, district of Mainzac (Charente); 17. Mazière, farmer in Plambeau, Hautefaye municipality; 18. Murguet, in Forêt, municipality of Souffrignac; 19. Sallat senior, a farmer in Grand-Gilou, Hautefaye municipality; 20. Sallat junior, farmer in Grand-Gilou, Hautefaye municipality; 21. Sarlat, called Lamy, tailor in Nontronneau, municipality of Lussas. "

The twenty-one accused appear before the court in Périgueux on December 13, after which their appeal for appeal had failed.

Trial and verdict

un bâtiment de style neoclassique vu en perspective
The Palais de Justice of Périgueux, where the trial took place

The trial took place from December 13 to 21, 1870 in the Palais de Justice of Périgueux, chaired by Judge Brochon, and attracted a large number of spectators. On the first day of the trial, with the reading of the indictment, the direct responsibility for the premeditated murder was placed on Chambord, Buisson, Jean Campot, Léonard, known as Piarrouty, and Mazière. The other defendants, including Étienne, Jean Campot's brother, are charged with aiding and abetting murder, ill-treatment or sedition.

The following days until December 17th are reserved for the hearing of the witnesses. One of the most important testimonies is that of the former mayor Bernard Mathieu. The prosecution and the defense emphasize equally, based on the statements of Madame Antony and the roofer Jean Maurel, who come back to his statements before the peasants, his lack of courage and failure to provide assistance in the face of the drama. The evidence presented at the trial is two stones from the stake with traces of grease attached, the Piarrouty spring balance and the riding crop from the possession of Alain de Monéys.

On December 21, the court sentenced Chambord, Buisson, Piarrouty and Mazière to death after deliberating on the jury . It is ordered that the execution take place in the market place of Hautefaye. Benefiting from an error in the jury process, in which extenuating circumstances were awarded with only six instead of the required seven votes, Jean Campot is sentenced to life forced labor in the penal colony of New Caledonia . The remaining defendants are sentenced to terms ranging from eight years of forced labor to one year in prison. One of the defendants, Thibaud Limay, known as Thibassou, is acquitted, but because of his youthful age he was admitted to a reformatory until he was twenty . On December 25, a few days after the end of the trial, the former mayor of Hautefaye, Bernard Mathieu, dies in Charente.

On January 26, 1871, the revision of the four sentenced to death is rejected. The pardon application submitted to the Justice Minister on January 30th was also rejected.

The guillotine was originally supposed to be set up at the dry pool where Alain de Monéys was burned, but since the area there was too unsafe, the scaffold will be set up in the cattle market hall on the morning of February 6th. Instead of the sick Parisian chief executioner Jean-François Heidenreich, his deputy Nicolas Foch rules his office. Piarrouty was executed first, followed by Buisson, Mazière, and finally Chambord.

Memory and aftermath

In 1953, Noémie Lavaud, the last surviving witness to the Hautefaye drama, died at the age of 92. Exactly a century after the events, on August 16, 1970, a mass was held in the church of Hautefaye in the presence of the descendants of the victim and the four people sentenced to death. Francis Donnary, village mayor since 1977, suggested erecting a memorial column to commemorate the event, but dropped the project in 2009, "because there is still a feeling of shame in this village".

In the literature

In 2008 and 2009, two French authors worked on the drama in novels: Violaine Massenet , Les Mangeurs de cendres (German about "The Ash Eaters"), and Jean Teulé under the title Mangez-le si vous voulez (German about: "Meinetwegen eats him") ).

In the epilogue of the novel by Jean Teulé, he reports that Jean Campot was ridiculed by his fellow prisoners in the penal colony with the name of the victim; Dismissed after thirty years for good conduct, he stays on the island and reports the children he has with a Kanakin under the name de Monéys, which still exists in New Caledonia today.

In the theatre

The play Mangez-le si vous voulez , adapted and staged by Clotilde Morgiève and Jean-Christophe Dollé based on the novel by Teulé, premiered off-screen at the Avignon Festival in 2013 . From January 10th to April 30th 2014 it ran at the Théâtre Tristan-Bernard in Paris.

Notes and footnotes

  1. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 8
  2. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 59
  3. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 63
  4. ↑ a b Corbin 1995, p. 88
  5. ↑ Robert Guinot, “Autopsy d'une mort atroce et barbare”, La Montagne, June 26, 2009 (“Autopsy of an appalling and barbaric death”)
  6. ↑ Marbeck 1982, pp. 229-233
  7. ↑ a b c Corbin 1995, p. 90
  8. ↑ a b Corbin 1995, p. 89
  9. ↑ a b c d e Corbin 1995, pp. 88-89
  10. ↑ a b Marbeck 1982, p. 225
  11. ↑ a b Marbeck 1982, p. 256
  12. ↑ a b Marbeck 1982, p. 257
  13. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 94
  14. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 103
  15. ↑ a b Marbeck 1982, p. 266
  16. ↑ a b Corbin 1995, p. 96
  17. ↑ a b Corbin 1995, p. 107
  18. ↑ a b c Corbin 1995, p. 97
  19. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 270
  20. ↑ a b Corbin 1995, p. 99
  21. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 279
  22. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 106
  23. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 101
  24. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 281
  25. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 292
  26. ↑ Dusolier 1874, p. 17
  27. ↑ a b Marbeck 1982, p. 282
  28. ↑ a b c Corbin 1995, p. 109
  29. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 283
  30. ↑ a b Marbeck 1982, p. 284
  31. ↑ a b Corbin 1995, p. 111
  32. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 290
  33. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 113
  34. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 142
  35. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 289
  36. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 140
  37. ↑ a b Marbeck 1982, p. 294
  38. ↑ a b c d Corbin 1995, p. 148
  39. ↑ Corbin 1995, pp. 110-111
  40. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 348
  41. ↑ Ponsac 1870, p. 4
  42. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 355
  43. ↑ Corbin 1995, p. 112
  44. ↑ a b Marbeck 1982, p. 310
  45. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 341
  46. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 346
  47. ↑ a b Marbeck 1982, p. 368
  48. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 369
  49. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 378
  50. ↑ Marbeck 1982, pp. 399-400
  51. ↑ Marbeck 1982, p. 409
  52. ↑ Stéphane Vacchiani, “Cannibales d'un jour”, Le Point , May 14, 2009 (“Cannibals for a day”)
  53. ↑ Sandrine Blanchard, “Trois questions à Jean-Christophe Dollé” [archive], in: Le Monde , January 31, 2014, accessed on April 5, 2014

attachment

bibliography

X: quoted in the footnotes

Contemporary documents

  • Charles Ponsac, Le Crime d'Hautefaye: Assassinat de M. de Monéys brûlé vif par des paysans bonapartistes, vingt et un accusés, quatre exécutions capitales, Impr. Viéville et Capiomont, 1871 X (The crime of Hautefaye: The murder of M. de Monéys, who was burned alive by Bonapartist peasants, twenty-one accused, four executions)
  • Alcide Dusolier, Ce que j'ai vu du 7 août 1870 au 1er février 1871: L'Agonie de l'empire, le 4 septembre, le dictateur Gambetta, Paris, E. Leroux, 1874 (What I from 7 August 1870 to on February 1, 1871: The fall of the Empire, September 4, the dictator Gambetta)
  • Georges Marbeck, Cent documents autour du drame de Hautefaye, Périgueux, Pierre Fanlac, 1983, ISBN 2-86577-042-7 . (Hundred documents on the Hautefaye drama)

Historical monographs

  • Patrick de Ruffray, L'Affaire d'Hautefaye: Légende, histoire, Angoulême, Impr.industrie et commerciale, 1926 X (The Hautefaye affair: legend and history)
  • Georges Marbeck, Hautefaye: L'Année terrible, Paris, Robert Laffont, 1982, 408 p., ISBN 2-221-01056-6 . X (Hautefaye: The Terrible Year)
  • Dominique Lormier, Les Grands Crimes du Sud-Ouest, Bordeaux, Éditions Sud Ouest, 1993, ISBN 2-87901-112-4 ., Chap. 4, («Hautefaye: un aristocrate brûlé vif») X (The great crimes in the Southwest, Chapter 4: Hautefaye: an aristocrat burned alive )
  • Alain Corbin, Le Village des cannibales, Paris, Flammarion, coll. "Champs histoire", 1995, ISBN 2-08-081321-8 . X (German: Alain Corbin: The village of cannibals ("Le village des cannibales", 1990). Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-608-93173-2 )
  • Jean-Jacques Gillot et Pascal Audoux, Les Mystères du Périgord, Éditions de Borée, 2011, ISBN 2-8129-0258-2 . (The secrets of the Périgord)

Novels