Real truffles
Real truffles | ||||||||||||
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White truffle ( Tuber magnatum ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Tuber | ||||||||||||
P. Micheli ex FH Wigg. |
The real truffles ( tuber ) are a genus of mushrooms from the truffle-related family . The species form a mycorrhiza with trees and fructify underground in the form of tubers . The cross-section of the marbled meat is striking. The genus contains some coveted edible mushrooms that are tracked down with trained truffle dogs , collected and sold as a delicacy at high prices.
features
Macroscopic features
The real truffles form underground, spherical-tuberous hazelnut to head-sized fruiting bodies . Their surface is often bumpy, the trama is fleshy and tough and yellowish to dark brown in color, it can be full-fleshed or provided with cavities. The gleba is marbled with veins of different colors, light-colored veins, the so-called "external veins", open onto the surface of the fruiting bodies. The often strong odor of the fruiting bodies is noticeable.
Microscopic features
A hymenium is not formed, the almost spherical Asci are nester-like in Gleba scattered, they contain a reduced number of Asco spore , usually less than eight, the broadly ellipsoidal ascospores are usually ornamented remarkably complex.
ecology
The species of the genus live in an ecto mycorrhizal symbiosis with deciduous trees, often with oaks or hazelnuts , they are mainly found in warm areas. They fruit with subterranean ( hypogean ), bulbous fruiting bodies. They attract animals that eat the fruiting bodies and spread their spores ( zoochory ). This is probably due to the fragrances secreted especially at the time of maturity of the spores, attractive nutrients, and seasonal extensive availability of the underground fruiting bodies.
species
The genus includes 86 species. Around 30 species occur in Europe or can be expected there.
German name | Scientific name | Author quote |
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Olive brown truffle | Tuber anniae | W. Colgan & Trappe 1997 |
Mediterranean truffles | Tuber asa | Tulasne 1851 |
Bellones truffles |
Tuber bellonei described as "Bellonae" |
Quélet 1888 |
White wide mesh truffles | Tuber bernardinii | L. Gori 2003 |
Summer or Burgundy truffles | Tuber blotii | Eudes-Deslongchamps 1824 |
Whitish truffles | Tuber borchii | Vittadini 1831 |
Winter truffles | Tuber brumale | Vittadini 1831 |
Rockrose Truffle | Tuber cistophilum | P. Alvarado, G. Moreno, Manjón, Gelpi & J. Muñoz 2012 |
Earthy-smelling truffles | Tuber decipiens | Bozac, Širić & Kos 2012 |
Knotty truffles | Tuber donnagotto | Bozac, Širić & Kos 2012 |
Silesian truffles | Tuber dryophilum | Tulasne 1844 |
Hollowed out truffles | Tuber excavatum | Vittadini 1831 |
Light dwarf truffles | Tuber exiguum | R. Hesse 1891 |
Smelly truffles | Tuber foetidum | Vittadini 1831 |
Orange-red or orange-brown hard truffles | Tuber fulgens | Quélet 1880 |
Gennadis truffles | Tuber gennadi | (Chatin 1896) Patouillard 1903 |
Fluffy truffles | Tuber gibbosum | Harkness 1899 |
Large spore or Rhenish truffles | Tuber macrosporum | Vittadini 1831 |
Spotted truffles | Tuber maculatum | Vittadini 1831 |
Piedmont, Alba or White Truffle | Tuber magnatum | (Pico 1788) Vittadini 1831 |
Soft truffles | Tuber malacodermum | Fischer 1923 |
Malencons truffles | Tuber malenconii | Donadini, Riousset, G. Riousset & G. Chevalier 1979 |
Périgord or black truffle | Tuber melanosporum | Vittadini 1831 |
Smooth truffles | Tuber melosporum | (G. Moreno, J. Díez & Manjón 2000) P. Alvarado, G. Moreno, JL Manjón & Díez 2012 |
Tar truffle or black mesentery truffle | Tuber mesentericum | Vittadini 1831 |
Small-pore truffles | Tuber microsporum | Vittadini 1831 |
Fine-meshed truffles | Tuber multimaculatum | Parladé, Trappe & IF Alvarez in IF Alvarez et al. 1993 ('1992') |
Yellow-brown truffles | Tuber nitidum | Vittadini 1831 |
Low spore truffles | Tuber oligospermum | (Tulasne & C. Tulasne 1851) Bustard 1979 |
Coconut truffle | Tuber panniferum | Tulasne & C. Tulasne 1851 |
Chinese hollow truffles | Tuber pseudoexcavatum | Y. Wang, G. Moreno, Riousset, Manjón & G. Riousset 1998 |
Downy dwarf truffles | Tuberosity | Berkeley & Broome 1846 |
Horseradish Truffle | Tuber rapaeodorum | Tulasne 1843 |
Hazelnut-sized truffles | Tuber regianum | Montecchi & Lazzari 1987 |
Requiens truffles | Tuber requienii | Tulasne & C. Tulasne 1851 |
Red-brownish truffles | Tuber rufum | Pollini 1816 |
Summer truffle
Tuber blotiiWinter truffle
Tuber brumaleFluffy truffle
Tuber gibbosumChinese truffle
Tuber indicumWhite truffle
Tuber magnatumPerigord truffle
Tuber melanosporum
Non-European species (selection)
- Himalayan truffle - Tuber himalayensis
- Chinese truffle - Tuber indicum Cooke & Massée 1892
- White Chinese Summer Truffle - Tuber sinensis
meaning
The genus includes some of the most desirable and expensive edible mushrooms . In the Mediterranean region and New Zealand, they are partly cultivated in truffle forests, in which oaks that are artificially infected with truffles are planted. In Germany, all species of the genus are protected under the Federal Species Protection Ordinance and may not be collected.
swell
literature
- Heinrich Dörfelt , Gottfried Jetschke (Ed.): Dictionary of mycology. 2nd Edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8274-0920-9 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ewald Gerhardt: FSVO manual mushrooms . 3. Edition. BLV, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-14737-9 (639 pages; one-volume new edition of the BLV intensive guide mushrooms 1 and 2).
- ↑ Chris Maser, James M. Trappe, Ronald A. Nussbaum: Fungal-small mammal interrelationships with emphasis on Oregon coniferous forests . In: Ecological Society of America (Ed.): Ecology . tape 59 , 4, Sommer, 1978, pp. 799–809 (English, ir.library.oregonstate.edu [PDF; accessed on May 10, 2014]).
- ^ Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter, JA Stalpers: Dictionary of the Fungi . 10th ed. CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8 (784 pages).
- ↑ Achim Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , Peter Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms . In: Yearbook of the Black Forest mushroom teaching show . 4th edition. tape 2 . Schwarzwälder Pilzlehrschau, 2007, ISSN 0932-920X (301 pages; directory of the color images of almost all large European mushrooms (> 5 mm) incl. CD with over 600 species descriptions).
- ^ German Society for Mycology: The positive list of edible mushrooms. June 20, 2019, accessed August 3, 2020.