Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymos

Eleasar ben Juda ben Kalonymos (also: Rokeach ) (born around 1165 in Speyer or Mainz ; died 1238 in Worms ) was a rabbi of the Jewish community of Worms .

Life

His father was a rabbi in Mainz. Eleazar received his theological training from his father, in Metz from Eliezer ben Samuel and in Regensburg from Juda ben Samuel . He married Dolza, daughter of the Mainz cantor Elieser ben Jakob. They had two daughters, Bellet (born around 1183, murdered 1196) and Hanna (born around 1190, murdered 1196), and a son, Jakob. Eleazar does not seem to have had a job in Mainz, but rather his wife took care of the family.

In February 1188, in the run-up to the Third Crusade , violent riots against the Jewish population also broke out in Mainz. Together with most of the community, he fled to Munzenberg Castle in Wetterau , which was then owned by the von Hagen-Munzenberg family of ministers . Eleazar left a report of the events. Eleazar ben Juda went from Munzenberg to Erfurt , where he was cantor .

Around 1190 Eleazar ben Juda was given the post of rabbi for the Jewish community in Worms. Here he also founded his own yeshiva . In the pogrom of November 15, 1196, his two daughters, Bellet , 13 years old, and Hanna , six years old, were murdered by two men who broke into his house. His wife, Dolza , who was still able to flee, was caught up with by the perpetrators and also murdered. He, his son Jakob and some of his students were injured. One of the perpetrators was caught and punished. The chronicler of the Jewish community in Worms in the 17th century, Juspa Schammes , also reports on the event in his collection of stories Ma'asseh nissim . A spoil from the synagogue in Worms bears an inscription called a "Bellette". It is related to the daughter of Eleazar ben Judah.

At the meetings of the communities of the ShUM cities in Mainz in 1220 and in 1223 ( Takkanot Schum (תקנות שו״ם) ) Eleazar represented the community of Worms and acted as a co-signer of the resolutions of the assembly.

Eleazar was buried in the Holy Sand , the Jewish cemetery of Worms. The tomb has not been preserved.

plant

Theologically , his focus was on mysticism , especially Kabbalah . His most important work is the Rokeach (perfumers) in which he treats festive regulations and dietary laws. The preceding section on fear of God, humility and ethics was fundamental to the connection between ethics and halacha . He has revised and supplemented the work of Sefer Hasidim by his teacher Juda ben Samuel. He was also the poet of texts that were read in the synagogue . 58 of his writings have survived, but most of them are not printed. Scientific contacts existed with Elieser ben Joël ha-Levi, Eleasar ben Samuel from Verona , Baruch ben Samuel from Mainz, David ben Kalonymos from Munzenberg and Jehuda ben Kalonymos from Speyer. His students include Isaak ben Mose Or Sarua , later in Vienna , Samuel ben Kalonymos and Abraham ben Alexander from Cologne .

He composed a hymn of praise to his murdered wife, Dolza .

literature

Work editions

Isaac Meiseles: Shirat Ha-Roke'ah. The Poems of Rabbi Eleazar ben Yehudah of Worms . Jerusalem 1993. [In Hebrew with an English introduction].

Secondary literature

T. Carmi (Ed.): The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse . Penguin Books, New York 1981, ISBN 0-14-042197-1 .
Ismar Elbogen u. a. (Ed.): Germania Judaica 1: From the oldest times to 1238 . Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1963.
Yiśraʼel Ḳamelhar: Rabenu ʾElʿazar mi-Germeza ha- "Roḳeaḥ": Ḳorot ḥayaṿ u-meʾoraʿotaṿ, peʿulotaṿ ṿe-shiṭato, rabotaṿ, talmidaṿ u-sefaraṿ, ṿe-gam seder yuḥaso. (= Rabbi Eleazar from Worms: His life, work and teaching system ). Rzeszów 1930. ND Hotsaʾat Aṭeret, 1970.
Hanna Liss : Copyright in the Middle Ages? The esoteric writings of R. El'asar von Worms between traditional and author's literature. In: FJB. 21, 1994, pp. 81-108.
Hanna Liss: El'azar Ben Yehuda von Worms: Hilkhot ha-Kavod. The tenets of the glory of God . Mohr Siebeck, 1997, ISBN 3-16-146778-7 .
NN: Eleazar ben Juda from Worms. In: Jewish Lexicon . Volume 2, Berlin 1927.
Fritz Reuter : Warmaisa: 1000 years of Jews in Worms. 3. Edition. Self-published, Worms 2009, ISBN 978-3-8391-0201-5 .
Saverio Campanini, Sefer ha-Chokma. The number-mystical legacy of El'azar von Worms , in LV Schimmelpfennig - RG Kratz, number and letter systems in the service of religious education , "Studies in Education and Religion in Ancient and Pre-Modern History in the Mediterranean and Its Environs" 5, Mohr Siebeck , Tübingen 2019, pp. 213-224.

Web links

Eleazar ben Juda in the repertory "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages"
Jeeleaza ben Judah ben Kalonymos of Worms. In: Isidore Singer (Ed.): Jewish Encyclopedia . Funk and Wagnalls, New York 1901-1906.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Reuter: Warmaisa. 1000 years. P. 52.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Elbogen: Germania Judaica. P. 453.
^ Carmi, p. 387.
^ Carmi, p. 388.
↑ Report of Elasar bar Judah. In: A [dolf] Neubauer and M [oritz] Stern: Hebrew reports on the persecution of the Jews during the Crusades. (= Sources on the history of the Jews in Germany. 2). Berlin 1892, pp. 77, 216.
↑ Carmi, pp. 387f.
^ Carmi, p. 388.
↑ Elbogen, p. 441f.
↑ Juspa Schammes: Eleazar ben Jehuda, called Rokeach . In: Fritz Reuter and Ulrike Schäfer: Miracle stories from Warmaisa. Juspa Schammes, his Ma'asseh nissim and the Jewish Worms in the 17th century . Warmaisa, Worms 2007. ISBN 3-00-017077-4 , pp. 9f; ibid .: Dolzas Murder , p. 11.
↑ Michael Brocke : Bellette and her pillar in the Worms women's synagogue. "Our daughters, pillars alike, sculptures, the temple's ornament". In: The Wormsgau . 33 (2017). ISSN 0084-2613 . ISBN 978-3-88462-380-0 , pp. 29-36 and Irene Spille: Appendix - attempt to assign the Bellette pillar. In: ibid., P. 37f.
^ Elbogen: Germania Judaica. P. 454.
↑ Complete listing at: Ḳamelhar: Rabenu. P. 67 ff.
^ Fritz Reuter and Ulrike Schäfer: Miracle stories from Warmaisa. Juspa Schammes, his Ma'asseh nissim and the Jewish Worms in the 17th century . Warmaisa, Worms 2007. ISBN 3-00-017077-4 , pp. 12-15.

personal data
SURNAME	Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymos
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Eleazar ben Jehuda meWorms
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	German rabbi, author and Kabbalist
DATE OF BIRTH	around 1176
PLACE OF BIRTH	Mainz (unsure)
DATE OF DEATH	1238
Place of death	Worms

[Reuter-1] Reuter: Warmaisa. 1000 years. P. 52.

[Elbogen-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Elbogen: Germania Judaica. P. 453.

[3] Carmi, p. 387.

[4] Carmi, p. 388.

[5] Report of Elasar bar Judah. In: A [dolf] Neubauer and M [oritz] Stern: Hebrew reports on the persecution of the Jews during the Crusades. (= Sources on the history of the Jews in Germany. 2). Berlin 1892, pp. 77, 216.

[6] Carmi, pp. 387f.

[7] Carmi, p. 388.

[8] Elbogen, p. 441f.

[9] Juspa Schammes: Eleazar ben Jehuda, called Rokeach . In: Fritz Reuter and Ulrike Schäfer: Miracle stories from Warmaisa. Juspa Schammes, his Ma'asseh nissim and the Jewish Worms in the 17th century . Warmaisa, Worms 2007. ISBN 3-00-017077-4 , pp. 9f; ibid .: Dolzas Murder , p. 11.

[10] Michael Brocke : Bellette and her pillar in the Worms women's synagogue. "Our daughters, pillars alike, sculptures, the temple's ornament". In: The Wormsgau . 33 (2017). ISSN 0084-2613 . ISBN 978-3-88462-380-0 , pp. 29-36 and Irene Spille: Appendix - attempt to assign the Bellette pillar. In: ibid., P. 37f.

[11] Elbogen: Germania Judaica. P. 454.

[12] Complete listing at: Ḳamelhar: Rabenu. P. 67 ff.

[13] Fritz Reuter and Ulrike Schäfer: Miracle stories from Warmaisa. Juspa Schammes, his Ma'asseh nissim and the Jewish Worms in the 17th century . Warmaisa, Worms 2007. ISBN 3-00-017077-4 , pp. 12-15.