Gentian capsule tensioner

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Gentian capsule tensioner
Perizoma obsoletata.JPG

Gentian capsule wrench ( Perizoma obsoletata )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Family : Spanner (Geometridae)
Subfamily : Larentiinae
Genre : Perizoma
Type : Gentian capsule tensioner
Scientific name
Perizoma obsolete
( Herrich-Schäffer , 1838)

The gentian capsule spanner ( Perizoma obsoletata ), also called the gentian alpine leaf spanner , is a butterfly ( moth ) from the spanner family (Geometridae).

features

butterfly

The wingspan of the moth is 23 to 29 millimeters (subspecies avilaria up to 30 mm). The basic color of the forewings varies from light gray to a slightly darker gray. The root field of the forewings is colored gray-brown. The apex area and a narrow field in the middle of the front edge are of the same color . Large parts of the midfield are lighter in color, as is a narrow band behind the root area and the post-disc area . Brownish wavy lines can be seen in the direction of the outer edge. There is a whitish wavy line in the border area. The fore and hind wings each show a black discal spot, which is sometimes indistinct. The hind wings are whitish in color.

In the female reproductive system, the bursa copulatrix is ​​typically ovoid and enlarged with an ovoid sign. The anterior and posterior apophyses gradually decrease in diameter towards the apex. The anal papillae are medium-sized and a little elongated.

In the male reproductive system, the uncus is comparatively long and has a few short setae close to the apex. The anal tube is large and wide. The wide blades are of medium length. The outer and inner lines are slightly curved outwards. The apex of the valves is wide but slightly irregularly rounded. The uncus is comparatively long and slender.

Caterpillar

Adult caterpillars are short and stocky and light pale yellow in color. Only a back line is indicated. The segments are very distinct. There are noticeable brown point warts, each covered with short brown hair. The spiracles are comparatively large and outlined in yellow. The head is comparatively small, rounded and reddish brown in color. The abdominal and anal feet are short.

Doll

The greenish yellow doll is short and stocky. The belly rings are reddish in color. The cremaster is small, hemispherical, and has two end bristles.

Similar species

The sister species Perizoma juracolaria can only be reliably differentiated from Perizoma obsoletata by a genital morphological examination. In juracolaria , the female sexual apparatus is somewhat shorter than in obsoletata . Instead, the bursa copulatrix is ​​relatively somewhat larger. In the male reproductive apparatus of Perizoma juracolaria , the outer and inner lines of the valves are almost straight and parallel. They are a little narrower and the apex is regularly rounded. In Perizoma obsoletata, on the other hand, the valves are wider, the outer lines curved and the apex (usually) not rounded as regularly. The uncus is shorter in Perizoma juracolaria than in Perizoma obsoletata .

The gentian capsule wrench ( Perizoma obsoletata ) usually occurs at altitudes of over 1600 m, while the Jura capsule wrench ( Perizoma juracolaria ) prefers lower altitudes, but also rises up to 2300 m. In addition, there seem to be differences in the preference of the host plants.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The gentian capsule wrench can be found in the Apennines , Corsica (?), In the Alps, the Sudetes , the High Tatras , the Carpathians and the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula . Due to the recent separation of Perizoma juracolaria , the exact distribution area is not known. The previous occurrences in the Black Forest and the Swabian Alb, for example, are assigned to the species Perizoma juracolaria by Heiner Ziegler and Axel Steiner . The occurrence in Germany in the Allgäu High Alps via the Wetterstein Mountains to the Berchtesgadener Land (Bavaria) has been reliably proven. The unchecked deposits in the Swabian Allgäu are still unclear.

In the Alps it occurs at altitudes between 1600 and 3000 meters. The species prefers to inhabit barren mountain and mountainous landscapes, for example stony grasslands , rock corridors, scree slopes and scree slopes, where the host plants grow. Presumably all occurrences in lower elevations belong to the recently separated Perizoma juracolaria .

Way of life

The moths fly in one generation from June to August and like to visit artificial light sources . The females lay the eggs on the ovaries or the petals of the forage plant. The caterpillars can be found in the months of August and September. They drill into the fruit capsules and feed on the seeds of various types of gentian ( Gentiana ). These include:

The fully grown caterpillars leave the seed capsules through a hole that has been eaten through the capsule wall and pupate in a light web on the earth, either in moss or between the roots of the host plant. They rarely pupate in the seed capsule itself. The species overwinters as a pupa.

Danger

The gentian capsule wrench occurs in large numbers in Germany in Bavaria and is listed there as not endangered on the red list of endangered species . The information for Baden-Württemberg , however, is outdated and refers to the Jura capsule tensioner ( Perizoma juracolaria ).

Taxonomy, nomenclature and systematics

The taxon was introduced into scientific literature in 1838 by Gottlieb August Herrich-Schäffer as Larentia obsoletata . In 1848 he renamed the taxon Larentia Alpicolaria because of an alleged homonymy with a kind of obsolete Boisduval. There is no type of Larentia obsoletata Boisduval, however, the renaming is therefore invalid and Larentia alpicolaria Herrich-Schäffer, 1848 a younger, objective synonym of Larentia obsoletata Herrich-Schäffer, 1838. Type locality is the Schneeberg in the Eastern Alps.

As a result, alpicolaria was used several times. In 1873 Pierre Millière established the species Melanippe gentianata . The genus Melanippe Duponchel, 1829 is a more recent, objective synonym of the genus Rheumaptera Hübner, 1822 and has nothing to do with the present genus. 1913 saw Louis Beethoven Prout the unauthorized replacement of the name alpicolaria Herrich-Schaffer by obsoletata and transferred the taxon is also in the genus Cidaria Treitschke, 1825. But he used instead of the original spelling obsoletata spelling obsoletaria . Whether there is an intended adaptation to alpicolaria , i.e. an emendation, cannot be read from Prout's text; obsoletaria Prout, 1915 must be counted as an incorrect secondary spelling (misspelling). The name is therefore not available in the sense of the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature ( nomen nullum ). Prout also listed Melanippe gentianata Millière, 1873 in the synonymy of " obsoletaria ". In 1919 Eugen Wehrli introduced the new form Larentia alpicolaria HS juracolaria forma nova. The type locality is the Weissenstein in the Solothurn Jura (Switzerland).

In the rest of the story, both alpicolaria and juracolaria were mostly understood as synonyms of " obsoletaria ". In 1932 Karl Schawerda established the species Coenotephria reisseri from Corsica, in 1936 the species Coenotephria avilaria Reisser followed, in 1936. It was not until 1999 that Malcolm Scoble corrected the orthography of the species to become obsolete . Vladimir Mironov only accepted one type of perizoma obsoletata and listed alpicolaria Herrich-Schäffer, 1848, gentianata Millière, 1873, reisseri Schawerda, 1932 and avilaria Reisser, 1936 as younger synonyms; juracolaria Wehrli, 1919 he considered the infrasubspecific taxon to be unavailable.

In 2005, Perizoma juracolaria (Wehrli, 1919) was separated from Perizoma obsoletata by Bérard and others . The best evidence that there are actually two species can be seen in the sympatric occurrence of the two species in the Val d'Escrin near Arvieux ( Dépt. Hautes-Alpes ) and below Venosc ( Dépt. Isère ). Neither intermediate forms nor hybrids were found there. However, it must also be borne in mind that no molecular genetic studies have yet been carried out.

In 2009 Leraut listed the two species as Perizoma obsoletata and Perizoma alpicolaria (= P. juracolaria ) and the latter the ssp. affiliated with reisseri .

The exact distribution area of ​​the two species is so far only insufficiently known, as the two species have not been distinguished in the previous work or distribution maps. Perizoma juracolaria (Wehrli, 1919) is only known from France, northern Spain and western Switzerland. The species is divided into the two subspecies Perizoma obsoletata obsoletata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1838) and Perizoma obsoletata avilaria Reisser, 1936. The subspecies Perizoma obsoletata avilaria (Reisser, 1946) is restricted to the Eastern Pyrenees. The position of Reisseri Schawerda, 1932, remains unclear ; it could be a separate species, a subspecies of Perizoma obsoletata, or a subspecies of Perizoma juracolaria .

supporting documents

literature

  • Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
  • Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 9. Moths VII. Geometridae 2nd part . 1st edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3279-6 .
  • Vladimir Mironov: The Geometrid Moths of Europe 4. Larentiinae 2. 464 p., Apollo Books, Stenstrup (Denmark) 2004, ISBN 87-88757-40-4 (p. 47-49)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Vladimir Mironov: The Geometrid Moths of Europe 4. Larentiinae 2. 464 S., Apollo Books, Stenstrup (Denmark) 2004, ISBN 87-88757-40-4 (pp. 47-49)
  2. ^ A b c d Roland Bérard, Claude Tautel, Robert Mazel: Perizoma juracolaria Wehrli, 1919 comb. n., bona species. Perizoma obsoletata avilaria Reisser, 1936 stat. rev. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Association Roussillonnaise d'Entomologie, RARE, 14 (2): 54-67. rarefree.fr pfd (PDF file; 3.5 MB)
  3. ↑ a b c Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 245) or Plate 46, Fig. 6
  4. ↑ Walter Forster, Theodor A. Wohlfahrt: The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
  5. ↑ a b c Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 9. Moths VII. Geometridae 2nd part . 1st edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3279-6 .
  6. ↑ at www.euroleps.ch - Heiner Ziegler's website
  7. ↑ a b Forum 1: Determination of butterflies and their preimaginal stages: Contribution by Axel Steiner on June 24, 2014
  8. ^ Forum 1: Determination of butterflies and their preimaginal stages: Article by Werner Wolf on June 28, 2014
  9. ↑ Ludwig Osthelder: The butterflies of southern Bavaria and the adjacent northern Limestone Alps, Part I: The large butterflies, 3rd issue: Spanner. Supplement to the 19th year of the Munich Entomological Society, 1929.
  10. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Ed.): Red List of Endangered Animals in Germany . Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster 1998, ISBN 3-89624-110-9 .
  11. ↑ Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer: Larentia obsoletata mihi Sicilia. In: Georg Wolffgang Franz Panzer: Favnae insectorvm Germanicae initia, or, Deutschlands Insecten. Issue 163, plate 13, 1838 (not seen, figure reproduced in Bérard et. 2005, Fig. 2)
  12. ↑ Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer: Systematic processing of the butterflies of Europe, at the same time as a text, revision and supplement to Jakob Hübner's collection of European butterflies. Third volume. The tensioners. 183 p., Regensburg, In Commission at GJ Manz, 1848. Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 153)
  13. ^ A b Pierre Millière: Description de huit Lépidoptères inédits d'Europe. Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée, série 3, 1: 1-10, Paris Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 1)
  14. ^ A b Louis Beethoven Prout: Volume IV, Spannerartig Nachtfalter. In: Adalbert Seitz (ed.): The large butterflies of the earth. A systematic treatment of the previously known large butterflies. I. Department. The large butterflies of the Palaearctic fauna area. 479 p., Stuttgart, Verlag des Seitz'schen Werk (Alfred Kernen) 1915. Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org (p. 242) Online at www.biodiversitylibrary.org - Plate volume: Plate 10, row a here still as Larentia alpicolaria
  15. ↑ Eugen Wehrli: About new forms and little-known species (Psodos) - from a lecture: Second entomological trip to Valais, 1918. Held (with demonstrations) in the “Entomologists Association Basel and Surroundings” on March 9, 1919 - by Dr. Eugen Wehrli, ophthalmologist in Basel. Announcements of the entomological association Basel11: 2-3, tables I, II, Basel 1919 [scanned reproduction at www.euroleps.ch - website of Heiner Ziegler ].
  16. ↑ Karl Schawerda: A new geometry. International Entomological Journal, 26: 283-285, Guben 1932.
  17. ↑ Hans Reisser: New Heteroceren from the Sierra de Gredos. Entomologische Rundschau, 53: [1935] 37-42, 60-63, [1936] 77-80, 89-93, 106-109, 135-138, 145-147, 152-155, Stuttgart 1935-36 (Taf. 3, Fig.A7, B7).
  18. ↑ Malcolm J. Scoble: Geometrid Moths of the world, a catalog. 1400 pp., Csiro Publishing, Apollo Books, Collinwood (Australia) & Stenstrup (Denmark) 1999.
  19. ^ Patrice Leraut: Moths of Europe. Volume II. Geometrid moths. NAP Editions, 2009, ISBN 978-2-913688-09-4 .
  20. ^ Rudolf Bryner, Heiner Ziegler: Perizoma juracolaria (Wehrli, 1919): A new species for the Swiss fauna (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Entomo Helvetica, 7: 61-68 2014.
  21. ↑ Perizoma obsoletata in Fauna Europaea

annotation

  1. ↑ In Berard et al. (2005) incorrectly spelled Melanipe .

Web links

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