Exodus motif
The Exodus motif (also Exodus creed or Exodus formula , in a broader sense Exodus tradition or Exodus tradition ) is a literary motif in the Bible that speaks of the God YHWH as the liberator of the Israelites from slavery . Such statements of faith played a central role in the formation of the identity of Judaism and also had a strong influence on early Christianity .
The narrative arrangement of this motif in the Book of Exodus (Ex 1-15) is dealt with in the article Exodus from Egypt .
Tanach / Old Testament
Occurrence
Different variants of the exodus motif run through the Pentateuch , the Deuteronomistic History , some books of the prophets, the Book of Psalms and some Apocrypha .
| Pentateuch |
|---|
| Ex 15.21 EU |
| Ex 20.2 EU |
| Ex 23.15 EU |
| Ex 24.3-8 EU |
| Ex 29.46 EU |
| Ex 32,1.4.7f.23 EU |
| Ex 34.18 EU |
| Lev 11.45 EU |
| Lev 19.36 EU |
| Lev 22.33 EU |
| Lev 25,42.55 EU |
| Num 24.8 EU |
| Dtn 4,34f. EU |
| Dtn 5.6 EU |
| Dtn 6.12 EU |
| Dtn 10.19 EU |
| Dtn 15.15 EU |
| Dtn 13.6 EU |
| Dtn 16.1 EU |
| Dtn 20.1 EU |
| Dtn 23.8 EU |
| Dtn 24,18,22 EU |
| Dtn 26,16-19 EU |
| History books |
|---|
| Ri 2,11f. EU |
| 1 Sam 10.18f. EU |
| 2 Sam 7,6 EU |
| 1 Kings 12.28 EU |
| Books of prophets |
|---|
| Hos 2,2f. EU |
| Hos 11.1 EU |
| Hos 12.10.14 EU |
| Hos 13,4f. EU |
| On 2.10f. EU |
| On 3.1 EU |
| At 9.7 EU |
| Isa 11.15f. EU |
| Jes 35 EU |
| Isa 16,14f. EU |
| Isa 43.1-7.14-21 EU |
| Isa 48.20f. EU |
| Isa 51,10f. EU |
| Isa 52: 2-5.11f. EU |
| Isa 55,12f. EU |
| Isa 63 : 11-14 EU |
| Jer 16,14f. EU |
| Jer 23.7f. EU |
| Ez 20.11-14 EU |
| Ez 20,34f. EU |
| Ez 37.21 EU |
| Psalms book |
|---|
| Ps 77 EU |
| Ps 78 EU |
| Ps 80 EU |
| Ps 81 EU |
| Ps 105 EU |
| Ps 106 EU |
| Ps 114 EU |
| Ps 135 EU |
| Ps 136 EU |
variants
Exodus motifs in the Pentateuch and the following history books mostly appear as short, formulaic sentences that refer back to the Exodus story (Ex 1-15) and emphasize it as the center of salvation history for all of Israel . They emphasize different aspects of the move-out events depending on their context.
The most common variant speaks of the “bringing out” (Latin exodus ) of Israel by YHWH “from the slave house in Egypt”, which at the same time establishes Israel's special covenant with this god and obliges this covenant people to observe the Torah . An example of this is YHWH's self-presentation in the Decalogue (Ex 20.2; Dtn 5.6). This form often justifies individual commandments, for example on dealing with strangers, widows, orphans and slaves, as well as on the Passover festival. Representatives of the document hypothesis in research assign this variant to the priestly script.
Somewhat rarer is the formula of “bringing up” into the promised land ( Canaan ), which links the exodus with the conquest of Israel. Dtn 4,34f. connects them with other coined expressions and thus depicts the Exodus events as acts of power by YHWH towards the whole world: “signs and wonders” for the plagues (Ex 7-11); "War" for the sea wonder (Ex 14); "A strong hand and an outstretched arm" for killing the firstborn (Ex 12). This list is dated to the time after the exile (from 539 BC), when the belief in the god of exodus had developed into monotheism .
literature
- Overview
- Siegfried Herrmann, Ferdinand Dexinger, Heinz-Wolfgang Kuhn , Henning Schröer : Exodus motif I. Old Testament II. Judaism III. New Testament IV. Practical theological. In: Gerhard Krause, Gerhard Müller (Hrsg.): Theologische Realenzyklopädie . Volume 10: Erasmus - Faculties, Theological. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-11-008575-5 , pp. 732-747.
- David Daube: The Exodus Pattern in the Bible. 2nd edition, Faber & Faber, London 1963
- Tanach / Old Testament
- Irene Schulmeister: Israel's Liberation from Egypt: A Formula Research on the Theology of Deuteronomy. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 3-631-60210-3
- Thomas Römer: Exodus motifs and exodus polemics in the patriarchal stories. In: Ingo Kottsieper (Ed.): Points of contact. Studies on the social and religious history of Israel and its environment. Festschrift for Rainer Albertz . Ugarit, Münster 2008, ISBN 3-86835-008-X , pp. 3-19
- Uwe Becker: The Exodus Credo. Historical point of detention and history of an Old Testament belief formula. In: Uwe Becker, Jürgen van Oorschot (Ed.): The Old Testament - a history book ?! Historiography or lore in ancient Israel. 2nd edition, Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 2006, ISBN 3-374-02288-X , pp. 81-100
- Sabine Frank: The Exodus motif of the Old Testament: Religious-historical, exegetical and systematic-theological foundations and subject-didactic developments. LIT, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7510-5 .
- Siegfried Kreuzer: The Exodus Tradition in Deuteronomy. In: Tim Veijola (ed.): Deuteronomy and its cross-relationships. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1996, ISBN 978-3-525-53640-7 , pp. 81-106.
- Walter Groß: The lead-in formula. About the relationship between formula and syntax. Journal for Old Testament Science (ZAW) 86/1974, pp. 425–453
- New Testament
- Kerstin Schiffner: Lukas reads Exodus. An investigation into the inclusion of the First Testament history of liberation in the Lucanian work as reading material. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 3-17-019732-0
- Martin Hasitschka: Egypt in the New Testament. A biblical theological sketch. Protocols to the Bible (PzB) 10, 2001, pp. 75–83
- Fred L. Fisher: The New and Greater Exodus: The Exodus Pattern in the New Testament. South Western Journal of Theology 20/1977, pp. 69-79
- Robin Ernest Nixon: The Exodus in the New Testament. Tyndale Press, 1963
Web links
- Christoph Berner: Exodus tradition. In: Michaela Bauks, Klaus Koenen, Stefan Alkier (Eds.): The Scientific Biblical Lexicon on the Internet (WiBiLex), Stuttgart 2006 ff.
- Siegfried Zimmer: Liberation from Egypt as the decisive experience of God in the Old Testament
Individual evidence
- ↑ Christoph Berner: Exodus tradition (WiBiLex, December 2012)