Finger planning
Fingerplanen ( German Fingerplan ) is a regional development plan for the greater Copenhagen area , which was included as part of the Danish cultural heritage in the cultural canon of 2006 . It was created on the initiative of the private “urban planning laboratory ” ( Dansk Byplanlaboratorium , DBL) and was developed in 1947 under the direction of architect Peter Bredsdorff in the spatial planning office of the urban planning committee. The plan was intended to prevent the unrestrained expansion of urban growth by restricting housing construction and traffic to a few corridors. The overriding principle was illustrated with a spread hand over the map, whereby the palm of the hand should represent the city center, the fingers the growth zones and the spaces “between the fingers” near-natural recreational areas. S-Bahn lines along the fingers ensured rapid commuter travel, and motorways were built in the name of mass motorization .
History of origin
The urban planning laboratory DBL, headed by urban planner and architect Steen Eiler Rasmussen , began planning an overall urban planning strategy in 1945, as the previous work of the capital city commission (Hovedstad commission) was protracted. The Commission set out to cope with the rapid population growth in Copenhagen and its neighboring municipalities . The DBL demanded the coordination of relevant initiatives and turned to the spatial planning committee (Egnsplanudvalget) , which had been founded in 1928, in March 1945 . The committee, which in 1936 dealt with a far-reaching "report on the green areas in the Copenhagen area" (Betænkningen om Københavnsegnens Grønne Områder) , wanted to wait for the results of the capital city commission. DBL presented its plan, which showed how apartments, workplaces and recreational areas should be placed in the best possible way and linked appropriately with the transport system. Both the Danish Ministry of Labor and the surrounding municipalities showed early interest in the concept. The plan was then financially supported by the ministry, also because there was fear of chaos on the labor market in the post-war period. The Spatial Planning Committee was revived to examine the feasibility of the plan. For this purpose, he set up a spatial planning office that should clarify the technical and legal questions. The office manager was urban planner and architect Peter Bredsdorff (1913–1981). In 1947 the first concrete planning draft was discussed by the working committee and in January 1948 the draft for the spatial planning of Greater Copenhagen (Skitseforslag til Egnsplan for Storkøbenhavn) was presented to the public. The front of the design was designed with the schematic hand, from which the name finger tarpaulin was derived.
Basics
The starting point of the plan is Copenhagen as the center of the capital region. The principle of Bredsdorff and his employees stipulated that everywhere in the capital the distances between home, workplace and green spaces should be kept as short as possible - entirely on the basis of public transport . Trams and buses were to serve as a supporting system between home and workplaces. However, these transport systems were limited in terms of their range. As a result, the expansion of the S-Bahn network ensured that planned new residential areas, central urban areas and production and service centers were connected - just as one imagined the hand bones between the fingers and the palm of the hand. A planned ring road should cross the radii of the S-Bahn lines. Local shopping centers should also be built at the S-Bahn stations further out and be located a short distance from the nearby multi-storey residential buildings and the individual houses a little further away . The S-Bahn network provided a basic structure and was supposed to guarantee that the journey time, even from the outermost peripheral areas to the capital, would be less than 45 minutes.
The most impressive thing about the Fingerplan was its plan to set up green spaces with recreational areas and areas used for horticulture or agriculture. In this way an attempt was made to combine the characteristics of rural and urban areas . One of the successful results is Vestskoven , an artificially created forest area of 13 km² in the Albertslund municipality . In the freed up areas, new roads could be built - in parallel with the growing volume of traffic - at an appropriate distance from the settlements and which relieved the existing arterial roads . For the time being, the creators of the Finger Plan did not anticipate any major traffic problem and believed that the population would prefer a higher quality apartment to their own car.
Finger planning in the present
Although finger planning was never officially approved, the ideal influence exerted by the visual representation of the plan proved to be so strong that decision-makers locally and centrally followed its principles in broad terms.
Fingerplanen was inspired by the work of the British town planner Ebenezer Howard and his concept of the garden city . The idea was that big cities should not expand concentrically, but that the increased demand for living space and industrial space in satellite cities should be absorbed, connected to the city center by an effective transport system.
With its inclusion in Denmark's cultural canon from 2006 and an entry on the website 1001 fortællinger om Danmark (A Thousand and One Stories about Denmark), which was initiated four years later , finger tarpaulin became part of Danish cultural heritage . In the culture canon of the Danish Ministry of Culture , the importance is justified as follows:
"En robust planlægning med en indisputable pedagogy, which has byen en opfattelig form and fortsat præger hele hovedstadsregionens udvikling."
"Robust planning with an indisputable pedagogy, which gave the city an unmistakable shape and which continues to shape the entire development of the capital region."
A continuation of the concept is the Fingerplan 2007 , which is a guideline drawn up by the Danish Ministry of the Environment (landsplandirektiv) and which came into force in August 2007. It regulates the municipal spatial planning in the capital area and divides its area together with a planning law into four geographical sub-areas: the inner metropolitan area as the “palm”, the outer metropolitan area as the “city finger”, the green areas and the remaining areas in Hovedstadsområdet .:
Another update was made in the “Fingerplan 2013”.
literature
- Torben Ejlersen: Kraftcenter og fristad . Efter 1945 (= København's history . Volume 6 ). Gyldendalske Boghandel, Copenhagen 1983, ISBN 87-01-52601-4 (Danish).
- Københavns Kommune (Ed.): Ørestad - Perspektivering, Planlægning, Realisering og Documentation . Copenhagen 2003 (Danish).
- Sven Allan Jensen: FINGER SHEETS - tilblivelsen, oplevet fra gulvet. 1945-50 . Byplanhistoriske Noter 21. Ed .: Dansk Byplanlaboratorium. (Danish).
Web links
- Fingerplanen (Danish) Dansk Arkitektur Center
- Fingerplan 2007 (Danish) guideline, Naturstyrelsen
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Kulturministeriet (Ed.): Kulturkanon . 1st edition. Politics Forlag, Copenhagen 2006, ISBN 87-567-8051-6 , Fingerplanen, p. 34 ff . (Danish).
- ↑ a b Fingerplanen, Storkøbenhavn . In 1001 fortællinger om Danmark , accessed on September 17, 2012 (Danish)
- ↑ Miljøministeriet : Fingerplan 2007 - Landsplandirektiv for hovedstadsområdets planlægning ( Memento of the original from July 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed on September 17, 2012 (Danish)
- ↑ Map of the Fingerplan 2007 ( Memento of the original from December 15, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed September 17, 2012
- ↑ Fingerplanen 2013 (Danish), accessed on December 27, 2015
