Rescue tunnel
A rescue tunnel , also an escape tunnel or an escape tunnel , is an escape route leading from or to a structure, spatially and technically largely independent of the main structure.
operation area
Rescue tunnels are built and operated where people in the main tunnel or a structure can be in danger and a safe escape from the main tunnel or structure without a rescue tunnel / rescue tunnel may not be possible, e.g. B. in road tunnels , rail tunnels , subway tunnels or in widely ramified, nested or spatially extended structures.
Underground rescue tunnels
Underground rescue tunnels are those that are largely covered by soil, rock or the foundation of a structure.
traffic
A rescue tunnel in the traffic area is a mostly parallel to a main tunnel or gallery leading out of the mountain, spatially and technically also largely independent of the main structure. It can also be used as a service tunnel or tunnel for the employees of the tunnel operator and / or as a rescue access for emergency services in the main tunnel in the event of an emergency (e.g. fire) (see e.g. Belchen tunnel or Fleckberg tunnel ). In the case of two-tube tunnels, one of the two main tunnels can be converted into a rescue tunnel (see for example: Great Belt Railway Tunnel ). In the case of the Arlberg railway tunnel , several crosscuts to the Arlberg road tunnel were created between 2004 and 2007 in order to provide a quick and inexpensive rescue option for both tunnels.
The rescue tunnel is connected to the main tunnel by one or more cross connections, depending on the length of the main tunnel. The connections are regularly equipped with locks to protect the escape tunnel, so that, for. B. in the event of a fire in the main tunnel, only small amounts of smoke can enter the rescue tunnel .
Rescue tunnels and cross connections can also be passable, depending on the use and conception, so that heavy trucks (e.g. fire engines ) can use them (see e.g. Eierberge tunnel ).
Rescue tunnels are only part of the structural, technical and organizational measures. Parts of rescue tunnels can e.g. B. also be the following structural facilities:
- direct exits from the tunnel to the open air (rescue tunnel),
- Cross connections between tunnel tubes,
- Exits to an escape tunnel,
- Shelters with an escape route separated from the tunnel.
Influence of European law
A significant harmonization and a sustainable development push with regard to the safety of people in traffic tunnels has been triggered by European legislation since around the year 2000. This was achieved in particular with Directive 2004/54 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 29, 2004 on minimum requirements for the safety of tunnels in the trans-European road network, the implementation of which had to be completed in the member states by April 30, 2006.
The causes of this European legislation were, among other things, the accidents in the Montblanc and Tauern tunnels in 1999 and in the Gotthard road tunnel in 2001.
Other rescue tunnels
"Rescue tunnels" also refer to cavities extending under the platform on underground platforms, into which a person who falls on the railroad tracks can roll so that they cannot be caught by an approaching train.
Rescue tunnels were also set up in advance in bunker systems (see e.g. Radbrunnen- and Neutorkeller or in Steyr , Michaelerplatz) or dug in an emergency (see e.g. Kornmarkt in Frankfurt am Main ).
Rescue tunnels can also lead away from public buildings such as B. in the General Hospital of the City of Vienna , where the rescue tunnel crosses the inner and outer Währinger belt and the U6 underground line.
A patent has been applied for for a collapsible rescue tunnel, which is installed in existing main underground tunnels and which can be folded down in the event of danger.
Underground rescue training tunnel
The International Fire Academy (IFA) in Balsthal ( Switzerland ) has three tunnel training systems
- "Single and two-lane route sections and numerous horizontal and vertical escape and rescue routes" (260 m),
- a "rail tunnel with one and two-lane sections and a train station with separate escape and rescue routes" (260 m),
- the fire tunnel "Lungern Strasse" (150 m).
Above-ground rescue tunnel
Above-ground rescue tunnels are those that are permanently or mobile installed in buildings above the foundation or outdoors above the earth's surface.
Static rescue tunnels
Rescue tunnels in buildings are usually extended entrance areas (corridors). Rescue tunnels can be a special form of horizontal escape route and lead through the basement.
Mobile rescue tunnels
A device for rescuing people in a fire from a multi-storey building was filed for a patent in 2005 and called a "rescue tunnel". For a rescue system known as “Air Rope”, there is only one design study to date.
Under certain circumstances, a rescue tunnel can also represent a mobile, covered emergency bridge system.
Other technical measures
In addition to the construction of a rescue tunnel, further technical measures can increase or supplement the safety of people in tunnels (tunnel safety) and structures. They are z. B .: ventilation systems , emergency exits as a direct escape tunnels, rescue shafts , emergency lighting , emergency telephone niches with emergency call system, fire detectors and fire extinguishers , sprinkler and fire brigade -Löschwasserentnahmestutzen, video surveillance system , public address system and radio reception / -durchsagen in the tunnel ( tunnel radio system ) or emergency walkways in the main tunnel.
Demarcation
The escape tunnel / gallery differs from the escape route in terms of the building regulations or escape route in that it is structurally separated and, as a rule, not used for other traffic or storage purposes, etc.
Often, structures that are colloquially referred to as escape tunnels are not tunnels in the sense of the miners' language , but rescue / escape tunnels (i.e. they have two mouth holes ). Conversely, rescue tunnels are also referred to as "rescue tunnels".
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ See z. B. also point 2.4 in Appendix 1 of RL 2004/54 / EC.
- ↑ Overview of the cross connections of the Arlberg tunnels .
- ↑ See z. B. also point 2.3.9 in Appendix 1 of RL 2004/54 / EC.
- ↑ See generally RL 2004/54 / EG.
- ↑ See z. B. also point 2.3.3 in Appendix 1 of RL 2004/54 / EC.
- ↑ According to Item 2.3.4 in Appendix 1 of RL 2004/54 / EC, protected rooms without an exit to an escape route to the outside must not be built.
- ↑ See e.g. As the White Paper of the European Commission "European transport policy for 2010: time to decide" of 12 September 2001. In it, the Commission has announced that it will propose minimum requirements for the safety of tunnels in the trans-European road network.
- ↑ Directive 2004/54 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on minimum requirements for the safety of tunnels in the trans-European road network (PDF) , OJ L 167, 39., Corrigendum: OJ. L 201/56 and OJ. L 204/30.
- ↑ Woman caught by subway: tunnel would have been salvation .
- ↑ Publication number: WO2002046579 A1, application number: PCT / EP2001 / 014388, publication date: June 13, 2002, inventor: Haubenwallner Gerhard, description online .
- ↑ IFA system overview .
- ↑ Balsthal Exercise Street .
- ↑ Balsthal Bahn exercise facility .
- ↑ Fire tunnel .
- ↑ Ulf-Jürgen Werner: Structural Fire Protection : Planning - Dimensioning - Execution, Springer, Basel 2004, ISBN 978-3-0348-9596-5 , p. 130. See also: Hans Michael Bock, Ernst Klement: Fire Protection Practice for Architects and engineers : Fire protection regulations and current planning examples, Beuth, 2011, ISBN 978-3-89932-280-4 , p. 67.
- ^ Henry Portz: Fire and Explosion Protection from A to Z : Explanation of terms and fire protection characteristics, Springer, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 978-3-322-80198-2 , p. 150.
- ↑ Document identification: DE10341241A1 May 12, 2005 with the title: "Rescue tunnel", inventor: Iossif Brailovski, DE filing date: September 8, 2003, online description and improvement 2013 .
- ↑ See: Inflatable Flood Tunnels .
- ↑ For emergency walkways in newly constructed tunnels, see also item 2.3.1 and the overview table in Appendix 1 of Directive 2004/54 / EC.